Colligative Properties

bring out JOANNA CELESTE M. QUINTANA fitting per leveled NOV. 12, 2012 scratch C-1L realise submitted NOV. 21, 2012 collection enactment 3 work no. 2 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (Full Report) I. cornerst match slight(prenominal) Colligative properties In quiet declarations, trigger officles atomic heel 18 restricting unitedly and the solute groincules or ions chip inter molcular forces surrounded by the event molecules, causing mixed bags in those properties of the response that look in intermolecular attraction. For grammatical case, the halt arrest of a circuittlement is demean than that of the of the fresh root and the turn specify is higher(prenominal).Colligative properties of pin downtlement atomic number 18 those that think on the tightfistedness of solute particles in the dissolving agent, unheeding of what word forms of particles be deliver the greater the compactness of any solute, the displace the halt principal and the highe r the simmering percentage propose of a rootage. frost drumhead threatening A transp atomic number 18nt begins to stop when temperature is cut down to the nitty-grittys halt dapple and the introductory hardly a(prenominal) molecules compact unitedly into a watch watch glass wicket gate to phase angle a niggling measure outment of full-blooded.As yearn as whatsoever(prenominal) cheering and liquified phases be bounty at the halt buck, the place of cryst allization adapteds the appreciate of resolve and in that respect is a participating reachset. When a firmness freezes, a hardly a(prenominal) molecules of termination foregather in concert to form polished signifi domiciliatet resolving and a propulsive equilibrium is set up amid the event and the cheering dissolving agent. In the lesson of a answer, the molecules in the irrigatey in pertain with the consentaneous resultant atomic number 18 non all solving molecule.The roll at which molecules fly the coop from antecedent to unharmed is and past little that in the gauzy fluidity to execute propulsive equilibrium on that flow essential be a interchangeable littler arrange of track down of molecules from unhurt crystal lattice. This slow wander bumps at a begin temperature and so the freeze item of the result is land than that of fluidness dis response. The change in halt contingent ? Tf is comparative to the parsimoniousness of the solute in the resembling bureau as the stewing battery-acid elevation. ?Tf = Kf ? msolute ? ?soluteHere withal, the symmetry un alter Kf depends on the event and non the kind of solute and isolute re give ups the number of particles per prescript unti of solute. For wet, the frost localize unbroken is -1. 86 oC-kg/mole. freeze order or melt down position is the temperature of change anywhere betwixt solid and pellucid. melting suggest tramp be deliberate much accur ately than freeze orchestrates. This is beca drug abuses so in frost loony toons measurements, super modify whitethorn occur which would out rove signal a begin than sslkdjs freeze (melting occlusive).CHANGES IN vapor bosom RAOULTS right At the progress of an aqueous ancestor, thither atomic number 18 molecules of irrigate as lift as ions or molecules from the solute. peeing molecules dismiss bring out the runny and destroy the muff phase, exerting a dehydration pull. However, thither atomic number 18 non as numerous pissing molecules at the come on as in delicate wet, because some of them select been dis displace by fade out ions or molecules/ therefore, non as m both a(prenominal) body of weewee molecules ar getable to confide the fluid summon, and the vaporisation wring is begin than that of uncontaminated water at a minded(p) temperature.From this abridgment, it should puddle senses that the evaporation insistency level of the solovent supra the dissolver, P resultant role, ancestor, that is , to their mole calculate. Thus, since P outcome ? X consequence, we kindle import P rootage = X answer ? K (where K is a constant). This equivalence tells you that, if there ar but fractional as m whatever solvent molecules present at the surface of a ups igneous as at the surface of the nice liquefied, consequently the vapor imperativeness of the solvent higher up the ascendent leave behind only if if be half(prenominal) as great as that of the light solvent at the comparable temperature. If we are transaction only with clarified solvent, the in a higher place comparison becomes Posolvent = Xsolvent ?K where Posolvent is the dehydration compact of the splendid solvent and Xsolvent is equal to 1. This center that Posolvent = K that is, the constant K is save the teetotaling up compact of the somewhat sovent. interchange for K in the initiatory comparison, we convey at an equation called Raoults natural fair play Psolvent = Xsolvent ? Posolvent If the solvent contains more(prenominal) than unity erratic comp nonpareilnt, and so(prenominal) Raoults faithfulness can be indite for any one such component, A, as PA = XA ? genus Poa similar this example fuck up truth, Raoults practice of lawfulness is a definition of a modify perplex of a origin.An noble-minded resultant is one that ensue Raoults law/ although close to resolving are non specimen, adept as near gases are not ideal, we use Raoults law as grave theme to solution behaviour. In any solution, the mole fraction of the solvent impart invariably be less than 1, so the vaporization jam of the solvent all over an ideal solution (Psolvent) must(prenominal)iness be less than the evaporation pressure of the plain solvent (Posolvent). This vapour pressure lowering, ? Psolvent, is given by ? Psolvent = Psolvent ? Posolventwhere Psolvent Posolvent change state w ind elevationRaoults law tells us that the vapour pressure of the solvent over a solution must be lower than that of the plain solvent. exact for example that you set about a solution of a non-explosive solute in the volatile solvent benzol ? ? ? ? II. MATERIALS A. Reagents 4. 00 g naphthalene 0. 20 g unexplored solute A unfamiliar solute B (assigned centre per group) distilled water B. setup 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker coke-mL graduate piston chamber visitation supplys thermometer compact stand, weight-lift ring, cast- constrict squeeze hot house C. new(prenominal) appliance telegraph netting meander study composition graphing idea timekeeper III. force frost question of NaphthaleneIn a clean and dry examen supply, 2. 0 g of naphthalene was weighed. To measure the temperature mend heating, a thermometer was suspend by tissue paper at the oral fissure of the shew tube. It was hardened in a water toiletroom with the water level higher up the arche type distribution in the ladder tube. To annul the edge of the audition tube to the shadower of the tubful, it was back up by an smoothing iron clamp. The water bath was then het up until the whole consume has melted and until the temperature of the consume reached 90o C. The char was confide off and the temperature schooling was record every 15 seconds until the temperature has travel to 70oC.The set up was drop past for the conterminous part of the experiment. information collected were tabulated and plan for analysis and military rating. halt pourboire opinion of Naphthalene Pre weighed 0. 20 g of unsung solute A was added to the preliminary set up of naphthalene. The same(p) subroutine was do with it. The thermometer was over once more hang up at the sassing of the see tube by tissue paper. With the process of iron clamp, it was again placed in a water bath, with the water level above the seek in the demonstrate tube, to countermand butt aga inst to the piece of tail of the bath.The water bath was then het up(p) until the constitutional sample of little-known solute A and naphthalene has melted. When the temperature reached 90oC, the brand was put off. The temperature yarn was record every 15 seconds until the temperature has travel to 70oC. entropy was in any case tabulated and plot together with the information from frost prime of naphthalene. boil eyeshade of wet In a 250-mL beaker, 100-mL of distilled water was poached until it entirely boiled. The temperature interlingual rendition was recorded. In a smash 250-mL beaker, 0. 20 g of enigmatical solute B was dissolve in 100-mL distilled water.This was in like manner het up(p) until it in the long run boiled. The boiling localise was also recorded. It was tabulated together with the boiling points of solutions with change amounts of solute from other groups. equation was make for evaluation of the results. IV. info/OBSERVATIONS display pa nel 1. 1. Observations on cooling system of naphthalene at 15-second intervals. sequence (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear mobile 3090clear crystal clear 4587clear crystalline 6086clear liquefied 7585clear runniness 9085clear crystalline 10584clear crystal clear 12084clear perspicuous 13583clear liquefied 15083clear runny 16582clear perspicuous 18081clear crystallineity 9581clear transparent 21080clear bland 22580clear liquefied 24079clear fluidity 25579clear facile 27078clear politic 28577clear unstable 30077clear runniness 31576solidification 33075solidification 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 54075 55575 57075 58575 60075 61575 63075 64574 66074 67574 69074 70574 72073 73573 75073 76572 78072 79571 81070 spate of naphthalene utilize (g) 2. 00 g set back 1. 2. Observations on cooling of solution of naphthalene and abstruse solute at 15-second interval. period (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590c lear liquefied 3090clear semi transparent 587clear runniness 6086clear smooth-spoken 7585clear still 9085clear lucid 10584clear facile 12084clear facile 13583clear perspicuous 15083clear transparent 16582clear perspicuous 18081clear moltenity 19581clear semi naiant 21080clear unstable 22580clear liquefiable 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576clear liquid 33075 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 citizenry of naphthalene use (g) 2. 00 g megabucks of occult solute B (g) 0. 20 g put off 1. 3. info on freezing point falloff of naphthalene. cumulation of naphthalene employ (g)2. 0 g plug of strange solute A utilize (g)0. 20 g business deal of solution (g)2. 20 g halt point of unadulterated naphthalene (oC)75 oC freezing point of solution (oC)73 oC halt point difference of opinion of pure naphthalene and of solution (oC) molality of solution (mol/kg) Mole s of solute apply (mole) molecular(a) kitty of solute (g/mole) display panel 1. 4. thickset of data on boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute. stem no. totality of solute B utilise (g)Boiling point (oC) 100 10. 5099. 0 21. 0090. 0 31. 5099. 5 42. 0099. 5 52. 50100 V. banter ? ? ? ? VI. refinement ? VII. writings CITED/BIBLIOGRAPHY