Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Ben Hill Griffin Jr.-Entrepreneur Extraordinaire

It is said that not all millionaires are people born with silver spoons on their mouths. This is quite true for Ben Hill Griffin Jr. (October 20 1910 – March 1, 1990), former U. S. senator and entrepreneur extraordinaire. Mr. Griffin’s success is said to have been borne out of his industrious and friendly nature, while others have jokingly stated that this was due to his ability to control weather, as he was born when a hurricane was passing by Florida.Mr.  Griffin’s success has also nothing to do with his educational attainment, he did studied agriculture in University of Florida but he eventually left the institution without finishing his degree (â€Å"Ben Hill Jr. †, 2006).He claimed that he never had to finish his degree because he felt that he had learned all that is needed to be learned from the University. He eventually paid his respects to the University by donating about 20 million dollars for research despite not being able to finish his degree there.His success as a citrus and cattle magnate were also attributed to his honesty and hands-on approach on things, though he often says that his luck has also played a role on his success. His citrus empire started with a 10-acre orange grove which he received as a wedding gift from his father. He tended this grove up until it grew and expanded into one of California’s largest (Youngblood, 1998). Among his many achievements was the establishment of the Ben Griffin Inc. , being Chairman of the Board of Alico Inc., President of the Florida Citrus Processors Association and Chancellor of Florida Southern College (â€Å"The Great Floridians 2000 Program†, 2006) . He always placed his feet on the ground by thinking as a small-scale entrepreneur rather than a tycoon. He often claims that he would rather know what exactly happen sin his company rather than have a big staff and that he prefers to stick with his policies than adapt policies from â€Å"big companies†. Mr. Griffin is often heard telling his employees to â€Å"Work hard and save† and to â€Å"Start little and watch it grow† (Trussel, 1989).Politically, Mr. Griffin was a democrat and was known to be a member of the Florida Legislature for about 12 years, the Florida Senate for 4 years and finally in the Florida House of Representatives for 8 years. He lost to Reubin Askew in the bid for being the Governor of Florida in 1974 (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jr. †, 2006). Despite this, he passed several bills regarding the marketing and improvement of the citrus industry during his time as a law-maker, earning him high regards as the foremost authority in citrus-growing. Mr. Griffin Jr.died in March 1, 1990 and his death was considered to be a great lost not only for the citrus industry but also to the State of California as well. A year before his death, he was named by Forbes Magazine as one of the 400 hundred richest Americans at that time (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jrâ € , 2006). His legacy has been passed on to his son, Ben Griffin III when he was named as Chairman of the Board and CEO of Alico Inc. One of the many companies that his father established during his lifetime. Like his father, Ben Griffin III exhibited strong work values during his 14 year tenure in Alico Inc.Among Ben Griffin III accomplishments include the establishment of Florida Gulf Coast University’s site, the development of about 15,000 acres of sugar cane in Florida and the expansion of the company’s agricultural aspects (â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin III Steps Down as Chairman of Alico Inc. †, 2004). U. S. Representative Katherine Harris, Ben Hill Griffin’s granddaughter, on the other hand inherited his grandfather’s political sense. She now serves as a 2nd term house member of Florida’s 13th Congressional District (â€Å"Katherine Harris†, 2006).Ben Hill Griffin’s down-to-Earth nature and achievements are not only remember ed by his political colleagues but also by the people who are very close to him: his employees. As one employee puts it â€Å"If Mr. Griffin ain't fussing at you a little bit, he don't like you. † References â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin Jr†. Wikipedia. (2006). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ben_Hill_Griffin â€Å"Ben Hill Griffin III Steps Down as Chairman of Alico Inc†. (2004). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_Feb_26/ ai_113657585/print â€Å"Katherine Harris†. Wikipedia.(2006). Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Katherine_Harris#Trivia â€Å"The Great Floridian 2000 Program†. (2006). State of Florida. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. flheritage. com/services/sites/floridians/? section=f Trussel, Tait. (1989). The Last of the Citrus Barons-Ben Hill Griffin Jr. U. S. Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. findarticles . com/p/articles/mi_ m1154/is_n2_v77/ai_7002416/print Youngblood, Garret E. (1998). Ben Hill Griffin. The Ledger. Retrieved July 29, 2006 from http://www. theledger. com/static/top50/pages/griffin. html

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Silent Spring Essay

The Death of Beauty Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty. † Similar to Einstein, the author Rachel Carson believed that human kind should embrace nature's and help preserve its beauty and life . In the passage from the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, the author informs and persuades her audience against the dangers and misuse of pesticides.Rachel Carson is a renowned writer, ecologist, and scientist who dedicated her life to the conservation of the environment. Throughout her career as an editor in chief, marine biologist, and environmental activist, Carson continued to educate the public about the wonder and beauty of the living world. She emphasized humanity's power to alter the environment, but in â€Å"Silent Spring† she begins to challenge the traditional practices that disrupt the balance of nature.Carson not only blames f armers for unnecessary violence towards the environment, reveals the dangers on pesticides to her audience, and blames higher authorities, for the damage to wildlife through the use of pesticides in order to persuade her audience to take action against the mistreatment and abuse of the environment. Through war like diction, Carson exaggerates the farmer's violence towards blackbirds, misguidance in the use of dangerous pesticides, and lack of emotion for bloodshed.Aiming to weaken the pesticide users reputation, Carson introduces her main argument by referring to the â€Å"habit of killing† as,† the resort to â€Å"eradicating† any creature that may annoy or inconvenience†(paragraph1). The word â€Å"eradication† is the word used by farmers to justify the use of pesticides. The farmers find it necessary to use dangerous chemicals for the sole purpose to wipe out a species entirely, a species who merely were an â€Å"inconvenience†. The word â €Å"eradicate† is a euphemism used by the farmers to cover up the severity of pesticide use.The word was meant to be less offensive, but ironically what the word implied was used to Carson's advantage. Carson instills fear among her audience at the farmer's lack of emotion towards bloodshed, leaving the reader to question who is to blame. Sparking the reader's interest, Carson introduces an authority, who she describes as having a direct affiliation with the farmers who were, â€Å"persuaded of the merits of killing by poison† (paragraph 2). The farmers are misinformed and act without reason, only following what was told to them.The violence against blackbirds provides benefits or â€Å"merits† of death that outweigh moral reasoning and the consequences of using â€Å"poison†. The war between an unknown authority and animals is a one sided one, which involves exterminating the helpless and the innocent with a substance that has deadly effects. Acting on o rders, without emotion, farmers made the fatal decision and, â€Å"they sent in the planes on their mission of death† (paragraph 2). Carson uses the term â€Å"mission of death† to symbolize the authorities sending in soldiers in a war who are ordered to kill anything in sight.Comparing a war to the farmer's actions brings memories of blood, fear, and endless suffering to the reader. Carson relates to the reader's experiences of war and uses the negative associations to connect it the farmers. Armed with planes, the farmer's â€Å"mission of death† resulted in the â€Å"deaths of over 65,000 victims of blackbirds and starlings†. Carson writes that â€Å"casualties most likely gratified the farmers†, that the deaths were the spoils of war. Just like a war, the birds were not the only ones caught in the crossfire.Countless rabbits, raccoons, and opossums who had never visited a cornfield were disposed of and forgotten. As the war and mission of exter mination intensifies, parathion's poison begins to spread, affecting everything it touches. Carson appeals to the audience's sense of guilt and urgency by using death imagery to show pesticide's potential to reach far beyond the destruction of nature's beauty and affect every animal, man, woman, and child. The destruction of pesticides is overwhelming, what was once a flock of colorful birds is eradicated, leaving behind the, â€Å"pitiful heaps of many hued feathers† (paragraph 5).The viewer is subject to the imagery of pesticides, destroying a beautiful creature until not even a body remains. There is a play with emotions, a beautiful bird should not be the victim of greed and ignorance. A bird a symbol of the freedom and serenity in nature; for it to be targeted means that nature itself is under attack. Those who are innocent are able to see the beauty in nature and children often are drawn to forests and streams, but what prevents pesticides reaching, â€Å"boys who roam through the woods or fields† (paragraph 4).Not only are animals affected by pesticides, but also blameless children who have always enjoyed nature as a place to explore and discover. Parents are immediately alarmed by the prospect of children being harmed and see pesticides as a threat to health, safety, and innocence. Nature is a part of childhood and it is imperative that parents protect what is precious to children. If it can reach children, it can reach anyone in the proximity of the, â€Å"widening wave of death that spreads out, like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond† (paragraph 5).The imagery of a pebble being dropped into a pond is like a large bomb, dropped and resulting in the disturbance of the peaceful and still pond. The ripples of the pebble symbolize pesticides reaching much farther than the targeted area, spreading through water sources and fields. The metaphor of the pebble and pond suggests that no matter how the problem may seem, it can spread and endanger anything or anyone. In order to stop the spread, the public must take action.After analyzing the dangers and abuse of pesticides, Carson uses rhetorical questions to gain support from the audience against the questionable figures whose actions caused devastation towards nature. Carson involves the reader into her argument by directly addressing the audience and asking, â€Å"Who has made the decision that sets in motion these chains of poisonings? † (paragraph 4). Carson uses rhetorical questions to translate fear and guilt towards the harm of nature into feelings of urgency to know the authority's identity.Carson directly addresses the audience to imply that she knows the answer to who is activating these â€Å"chains† of deaths. Using parallel structure, Carson continues to ask questions, â€Å"Who guarded the poisoned area to keep out any who might wander in? † (paragraph 3). Both the audience and author know the answer. No one. Neithe r farmer nor authority cared about the public's, audience's, or children's safety. He was entrusted power by the people and has abused it, he has made the decision to benefit himself, â€Å"He has made it during a moment of inattention by millions† (paragraph 5).Whose fault is it really for causing it in the first place? Cason uses the phrase â€Å"inattention by millions† to point her finger at the very people she is trying to persuade. The ignorance towards nature has allowed power to be put into the hands of the untrustworthy. Carson uses the word â€Å"inattention† to suggest that the audience let the abuse of power happen, but now have a choice to take the power back and prevent the mistreatment of the environment. By revealing the harm to the environment and the harmful effects of pesticides, Carson convinces readers to take action against farmers and a higher authority.Through the power of language, Carson appeals to the audiences emotions, logic, and eth ics in order to persuade them to support her argument. Carson also informs the public about the importance and beauty of the environment and warns against its mistreatment. Through Carson's literary work, she ensures that the beauty of nature will remain. In modern times where life is disconnected from nature, it can be easy to forget all that the environment provided and still provides; but if everyone works together, this beauty can be protected and conserved for future generations.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Persuasive letter on being able to carry a concealed weapon on college Essay

Persuasive letter on being able to carry a concealed weapon on college campuses - Essay Example The process of obtaining a concealed permit is different according to every state’s legislature. It is not an easy process and can take a set amount of time based on the area that the individual is trying to obtain a permit. It requires a thorough background check and there are disqualifying factors such as violent behavior, felonies, and excessive drug use that can keep an irresponsible person from obtaining a concealed permit (Scheb 318). Also, there are rules, which prevent individuals from buying weapons at all. In most states, you have to be at least 18 years of age to buy rifles and at least 21 to buy a handgun. In addition, there are limitations to the armaments that a person can buy, which again is limited to more thorough background checks if you want to buy deadlier weapons such as fully automatic assault rifles, which are typically reserved only for military and civilian law enforcement organizations. The first and most obvious debate to the issue is that you are ta king the student’s right away to protect him or herself. Under the constitution, citizens of the United States have the right to bear arms. As stated previously, in order to obtain the right to carry a weapon, there are many processes that a person has to go through and if they do not meet the requirements, they are unable to purchase neither a firearm nor a permit. The reason that this was put into the constitution was because during the American Revolution, the British wanted to keep American patriots from being able to defend themselves and put up resistance (Fernandez, and Sarat 25-35). The key they’re being that they wanted to keep the populous benign and incapable of their own defense. By not allowing concealed carrying for responsible citizens, the government is doing to the population no different than what the British did during the revolutionary war, a war fought for freedom. ‘ In a specific instance, at some schools there are already weapons on campus. For example, North Georgia College and State University is a senior military college and still has an extremely large civilian population. Because of the highly militaristic nature and tradition of the school, the cadets that attend classes do train with military weapons such as the M16A2, M249B, and M240. It is common to hear gunfire on campus as the cadets train on how to fire and use this weaponry. This is a responsible instance in which military weapons are used on campus and no one has been injured. Another reason as to why there should be weapons on campus is the inherent crime, which surrounds campuses, especially in the city. Larger universities are like cities within cities; public safety cannot control every single portion of the campus at the same time. Especially in the case of females, they are vulnerable if they are not traveling with someone else. The only defense they can really have is maice and there is nothing that is going to stop someone from coming up with a g un and doing harm to them. There is no way to control criminals from coming onto campus with weapons as has been seen in some events; therefore why would we want to stop students from protecting themselves when criminals are not going to abide by the laws anyway? As can be seen, it is necessary and a constitutional right by which we are given our freedom to protect

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Relativism, Socrates & Plato, Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, Aristotle II Essay

Relativism, Socrates & Plato, Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, Aristotle II - Essay Example While the former deals only on the â€Å"what is†, the latter is concerned about â€Å"what ought to be†. As such, descriptive ethics looks into the morality of a person in particular or an entire society in general based on the actual conduct and behavior of the people under observation while normative ethics insist that human conduct and behavior must be measured against a universal set of prescribed moral norms which civilizations must follow and comply with. The third level of ethics is metaethics which is a study of the meaning behind ethical language and theories. It not only analyses and compares different moral standards; it also examines the significance and purpose of the ideas and concepts of ethics itself (Lutz 8). Moreover, these ethical theories may be differentiated from one another by looking into how they adopt the theory of relativism. On the one hand, normative ethics acknowledges that certain situations do arise which necessitate deviation from the p rescribed norms and thus require some degree of tolerance. On a case-to-case basis, a specific action is determined whether it is right or wrong by taking into consideration the specific circumstances which caused the deviation or non-compliance with the universal moral norms. On the other hand, relativism in metaethics takes into consideration the fact that people and societies come from different race, culture and set of common beliefs. Some degree of tolerance is given to the idiosyncrasies of cultures that are different from one’s own. As such, there is no absolute moral standard of right and wrong, rather, human conduct is measured against the prescribed norms of a given culture or group to which he belongs. 3.) Aristotle argues that ethics is the science of achieving happiness. What is his argument for this? What is happiness for Aristotle? And why doesn’t he think it is identical to pleasure? Explain the function argument and how it connects rationality with hap piness. What role do the virtues play in this argument? Aristotle argues that ethics is the science of achieving happiness because in order to be happy, a person must first conduct himself properly and attain his goals in life. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate goal of every person and the core motivation and driving force for all of our actions. Happiness is where all actions end and one will never stop until it is achieved. A person’s behavior and action can be likened to a pyramid which has a wide base of different goals for different needs. Then, as each goal is achieved, one moves forward and upward to another goal which brings him closer to the top where all other goals converge and end at point happiness. No matter how many or hard the obstacles and circumstances are, a person is motivated to move forward by the prospect of reaching to the top. Lest happiness be confused with mere pleasure, Aristotle expressly clarified that there is a world of difference betwee n happiness and pleasure, the latter being a mere emotion felt by a person when an intermediary goal is achieved. Throughout his journey to the apex of the pyramid, a person may feel pleasure as each specific goal brings him closer to his ultimate goal. Finally, according to Aristotle’s function argument, the function of man is to achieve rationality through different activities which call for the use of the human mental faculties. Human rationality is what separates us from plants and animals; we do not just exist in this world, we

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Strategic Management Of Ferrari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Of Ferrari - Essay Example Ferrari iÃ'• known and iÃ'• highly valued everywhere in the world. From the UÐ… to Japan, from Germany and Ð…witzerland to India, to France, AuÃ'•tralia, New Zealand, RuÃ'•Ã'•ia, Brazil, and Argentina. The term ConÃ'•tructor applieÃ'• in F1 for a corporate or any well-organized body which conÃ'•tructÃ'• the car, engine or chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'•. The conÃ'•tructor of an engine or chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'• ownÃ'• the intellectual rightÃ'• to it. (Porter, 1985, 44) The title of Formula 1 World Champion ConÃ'•tructor iÃ'• given to the car that haÃ'• drawn the moÃ'•t pointÃ'• during the courÃ'•e of the Ã'•eaÃ'•on. A carÃ'• engine and chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'•, both are taken into account while deciding on itÃ'• pointÃ'•. If a carÃ'• chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'• and engine conÃ'•tructor iÃ'• the Ã'•ame, the title Ã'•imply goeÃ'• to that conÃ'•tructor. But, if the makerÃ'• of the chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'• and engine are different, the title iÃ'• given jointly, like Ferrari-Honda, Renault-MercedeÃ'• etc. The name of the chaÃ'•Ã'•iÃ'• conÃ'•tructor comeÃ'• before that of the engine conÃ'•tructor. The termÃ'• conÃ'•tructor and entrant have different and Ã'•pecific meaningÃ'•. An entrant iÃ'• the perÃ'•on or corporate entity that regiÃ'•terÃ'• a car and driver for a race Ã'•eaÃ'•on. Thereafter the reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility of preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend lieÃ'• with them. The term team iÃ'• uÃ'•ually applied to an entrant organization. The 1970Ã'• were the laÃ'•t decade Ferrari entered aÃ'• a workÃ'• effort in Ã'•portÃ'• car racing. After an uninÃ'•pired performance in the 1973 F1 World ChampionÃ'•hip, Enzo Ferrari Ã'•topped all development of Ã'•portÃ'• carÃ'• in prototype and GT racing at the end of the year, although, Enzo planned to pull out of F1, that year which waÃ'• the year of the laÃ'•t "official" Targa Florio road race Enzo regarded aÃ'• more important to him.

Provide a concise account of the fundamental legal, ethical and Essay

Provide a concise account of the fundamental legal, ethical and professional practice aspects of nursing drug administration - Essay Example The safe and efficient administration of medication is one of the key responsibilities of the professional nurse. The practice of drug administration involves providing the patient with a substance prescribed and intended for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a medical illness or condition (Hopkins, 1999). Although, effective drug administration involves the actual and complete conveyance of a prescribed medication to the patient, however, there is wider set of practices required to achieve safe, effective patient outcomes and to prepare for and evaluate the outcome of medication administration (Potter and Anne, 1997; Taylor et al, 1997). Because nurses administer prescribed drugs directly to patients, they happen to be the last link in the safe and effective drug prescription and administration sequence. Increased acuity of the patient nurses have to serve and the apparent reduction in the volume of resources available to nurses to ensure safe and effective practice, have greatly complicated the role of the nurse in drug administration (Cook, 2002). The purpose of this paper is therefore, to examine the legal, ethical and professional requirements of safe nursing drug administration. According to the NMC Guidelines for the Administration of Medicines, administration of medicines is a vital part of the professional duty of the nurse. It is not, however, a function that can be carried out ‘mechanically’ or following orders, but should be seen as a task that must be carried out in strict compliance with the written prescription of a medical practitioner. More importantly, it is task that requires thought and the exercise of professional judgement (NMC, 2002:3). Drug administration play a crucial role in achieving positive patient outcomes and despite the complexities involved with safely administering medications to patients, the professional nurse is duty-bound to do everything within her professional capacity to ensure this. The NMC code of

Friday, July 26, 2019

Evidence-Based Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-Based Management - Research Paper Example Evidence based management is widely applied in the health care sector because doctors and other health practitioners rely on evidences in their field to make decisions. This paper seeks to evaluate the importance of applying evidence-based management in the health care sector and how best it can be used to change the perception of health care workers. The healthcare world experiences numerous problems such as unsuccessful delivery in the maternity department and the overlapping of duties among the health care workers. Healthcare workers need to apply evidence based management to over different challenges they experience in their work stations and provide better services for their clients. This approach should be determined by what different departments in the health sector require. The unit of analysis will be the approach of healthcare workers in reference to treating pregnant mothers. Healthcare workers play a significant role in enhancing a health and safe place for mothers. The use of the evidence-based management in their place of worker is of great importance because babies delivered need to feel the safety, given the best medicine and their mothers treated to the best possible care. There are several variable likely to come up in researching evidence-based management in the healthcare sector. Some of the variables include the knowledge of the practitioners and if it is necessary for a given department to be headed by a healthcare worker. For instance, should the finance department in the hospital be headed by a chief pharmacists or someone with financial knowhow? The health-care field has been applying evidence-based information in the management and practicing of the professional healthcare delivery. However, this management practice is now being adapted in the field of business management. Thus, there is also the need to introduce evidence-based management curriculum in the health-care

Thursday, July 25, 2019

APA and Scholarly Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

APA and Scholarly Research - Essay Example While there are other research citation styles used for academic research work, not all of these styles are versatile or efficient. MLA, for example, was designed to be mostly used for research work in the Humanities. Turabian style of citation is rather complex to use. The APA style is most versatile because it can be used in any kind of research work and is simple to apply. Since APA is simpler and more efficient to use in citing references for research work, it would then be of good practice for any researcher to develop the habit of doing proper source citation. As long as a researcher makes a good habit of being consistent when it comes to making the proper citation of references to the research work, the less chance there is for the researcher to commit plagiarism. Being consistent in proper source citing would also develop the researcher’s skill in analyzing information in the research

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Causes of the Mexican-American War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Causes of the Mexican-American War - Essay Example In addition, if one is to point the finger of blame at someone, at least a basic examination of who that person was, should be done first - as, even if the situation was that person's fault, an understanding of that person's motivation will surely give a greater understanding of the conflict itself. That is where this examination of the causes of the Mexican-American War will start - with a brief look at American's eleventh president himself. We will then deal with the westward expansion of the American population and the concept of Manifest Destiny. Only then will enough information be avalible to make a preliminary determination of how much each cause (including Mr. Polk) actually contributed to the start and continuation of the Mexican-American War. James K. Polk was born in North Carolina in 17951. His father was of Scottish and Irish background, and his mother was Scots as well. Hi father was a Democrat who supported Jefferson, thus Polk was brought up as a Jefferson Democrat.2 One of ten children in a successful farming and slave owning family, James was often ill, which delayed his formal schooling3. In 1806, his family followed its relatives in a move to Tennessee, where they became quite well to do plantation owners, and, in addition, his father became a county judge. Growing up in a successful slave owning family quite probably affected Polk's presidential policies, especially those concerning slavery and territories that strongly supported slave-holding. Through family connections, James Polk was accepted and attended the University of North Carolina. It was there that he first developed the skills that he would use in his political career - as both a speech maker in the Dialectic Society, and as the Society's first two term president. After graduating from the University of North Carolina, Polk moved to Tennessee to study law, and to be a the Clerk with the state Senate simultaneously from 1819-18224. In 1822, Polk left his position as Senate Clerk to run for office. His strong speech making skills won him the seat, and soon the reputation of one of the senate's great orators.5Polk was a very strong leader who, by the time he became president in dominated the American government of the day. It was the seven years that Polk spent in congress starting in 1828, as the speaker of the house and as Tennessee's governor that developed the strong leadership skills he employed as America's eleventh president6. It was these skills that Polk employed when war broke out after the annexation of Texas, which forced him to adapt his peacetime leadership skills to those of Commander in chief of the American Forces7. A similarly volatile situation with Great Britain over the Oregon Territory, was resolved by Polk though diplomacy alone. Thus, James K. Polk was able to employ both military and diplomatic means to solve conflicts and international disagreements. 2.1 Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny is an expansionist view where one country or people expands by pushing the other out of the way - "elbowing owners of property rudely to one side" while "making away with their possessions."8 It was "a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)"9.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

The Good Life vs The Ethical life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Good Life vs The Ethical life - Essay Example In my opinion, one of the most valuable and credible allegations of Kant is that Kant focused on the fact that a person should always be considered as a goal rather than a means. This gives the opportunity to see the justification of Kant’s desire to argue the absolute nature of moral principles, as in this case the society might avoid the risk of dehumanization. The fact that a person should be seen as an end rather than as a means is directly related to the categorical imperative. According to this principle, we must evaluate our actions based on whether we can consider them â€Å"as a universal law† (Rohlf, 2010). The value of this concept is that it has a humanistic nature, arguing the need for humane treatment of others. Despite its obvious advantages, this concept is associated with a certain challenge. The fact is that in reality we cannot always remain faithful to moral principles. In some situations, it makes sense to hide the truth or even kill a person when it comes to saving our own life or the lives of our relatives. Different situations may involve different types of behavior, and, unfortunately, they cannot always meet the moral principles. I believe that Kantian ethics is crucial for the existence of society, because it determines the high status of moral values. On the other hand, my personal experience allows me to assert that the fundamental adherence to all ethical commandments in all situations may even lead to tragic consequences. Despite my sincere desire to comply with all the moral principles sometimes I have to violate a few of them. This fact makes me sad, but on the other hand, I understand that certain situations may require a certain behavior. In this case, I am referring to the method suggested by the concept of ethical utilitarianism. It argues that the assessment of behavior should assume an ethical analysis of the implications

Monday, July 22, 2019

This report will be focusing Essay Example for Free

This report will be focusing Essay This report will be focusing on the different functional areas of a business, i. e. Administration, Finance and Human Resources Task 1 Functional Areas are the different areas of a firm. Each functional area has a different objective to the next. Sales will be the main turnover part of the business whereas Human Resources (HR) will be the hiring and firing of personnel. Marketing are in touch with the consumer and Finance take care of the money. The different areas include (but are not limited to): Human Resources, Marketing, Sales, Finance, and Administration (also known as Admin) And Customer Services. Task 2 This table shows which Department or Functional Area has the most importance and what they do Department Explanation Activities Importance Human Resources This functional area has the responsibility of using and developing the organisations personnel in the most productive way. Hiring and Firing, taking interviews. Making sure the employees are happy and, in some cases dealing with pay negotiations and dealing with strike situations Very Important as without HR there wouldnt really be any employees. Without happy employees, there could be strikes etc. Administration IT Services Administration provide the backup needed to run every other department, i. e. the day-to-day jobs Dealing with post, photocopying, dealing with visitors, telephone switchboard, IT Services Probably the most important as no other function can work without it, especially without IT support Finance Managing the money coming in and out, paying taxes and raising money for the business Handling money, paying the VAT man, handling taxes Very important the CEO would get indicted for not paying VAT and Tax Marketing Sales. Finding out what products customers need and advertising the products to them Advertising and selling the product to the customers Very important as without selling your goods you wont have any income Customer Services Looking after customers requirements and dealing with their complaints Contacting customers and being contacted about returns, advice, complaints and enquires Probably the least important as once youve sold your product you dont really need any further contact with the consumer Task 3 Charlton Athletic FC Human Resources. One specialist personnel officer who is responsible for all aspects of training, recruitment, interviews and development. Managers of all departments also have a responsibility for some aspects of various personnel issues. Payroll section responsible for paying all departments Finance Each department has its own budget and must meet all costs from this. Departments may request emergency funds if the budget is overspent Administration Each senior manager has his/her own Personal Assistant. Everyone does their own administration. The admin dept. also has the I. T. department within Marketing 3 Departments who deal with the marketing and sales aspect of the firm Marketing Department This department deals with sponsorship and selling stadium boxes to the public for matches Communications Dept. This department designs and updates the website, also they design, write and print brochures and matchday programmes Public Relations (PR) The PR dept. deals with player appearances to the press, they deal with all press enquiries and arranging player interviews on T. V. and Magazines Charlton also have a Schools Visit Programme in which they visit schools in Kent and South-East London to further the Charlton reach. Customer Services Charltons Customer Services department doesnt actually exist. Complaints are dealt individually with by the manager of each department. Chartlon apparently take complaints very seriously. Big complaints may be dealt with by the Chief Executive of Charlton himself. Any complaints not dealt with by the club may be handed to an independent inspector from the IFC (Independent Football Commission). Bromley Library Human Resources 42 people in total work in the Library which is down from last year The different roles include Group manager, Assistant Director of Education who is the chief librarian and Senior Customer Service Manager. You could argue that the Director of Education, Ken Davis is the head of the library There is a central HR section within the Education and Libraries dept. The HR dept. is mostly training and hiring new All Bromley Libraries put together get an average of about 2-3000 visitors a day so health and safety is important. There is an HS Executive who visits all the libraries and investigates certain problems Finance It is a legal requirement that Libraries cannot charge for books but libraries can charge money for videos, DVDs and CDs. Their funding includes New Opportunities grants (A Lottery Fund) and Government Grants. Administration This includes an IT repairman with a team of technicians who goes out to branches to sort out any IT problems Task 4 Internal Communication: Communication between the different functional areas and different people within the same functional area of the same company. External Communication: Communication to someone outside of the company, for example Banks, Suppliers, Customers, Shareholders, Stakeholders etc. Task 5 Type Of Comm. Explanation Advantage Disadvantage Verbal Conversation A real-life conversation between 2 or more people, face-to-face. Feels more personal, no technology that can fail and interrupt your conversation Someone can overhear your private conversation Telephone Conversation A conversation between 2 people on the telephone Can be private as it is only you and the other person that can hear Can get cut off, can be expensive Telephone Conferencing. A telephone conversation between more than 2 people Talk to you work colleagues when you are all in another country If one person gets cut off the conversation cannot continue without him/her. Expensive Meetings A formal meeting between important people in the firm. Usually no more than 10-15 people Meetings can be a useful place to share ideas You might not want to be in the same room as someone Video Conferencing The same as telephone conference but with a live video image of the person(s) you are speaking to. Video conversations can be made with a 3G (3Gigabit) phone or over the internet using MSN Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger or Skype 2 Seeing your colleagues can be more personal and can feel like a meeting If one person wants to leave the entire conversation stops. Can be expensive Letters A formal external communication method between to groups Letters are always clear and to the point Slow to arrive and get lost on the post. Post is 29p Email is free Memos An internal form of letter, usually less formal Will always reach the person as it goes through internal mail Takes a long time to reply Email An electronic mail that can arrive in another part of the world in less than 3 seconds. Can be used for anything and does not have to be formal Can reach the other side of the world in around three seconds. Can be replied to instantly. Can be sent to more than one person instantly Sometimes too informal and can be lost on servers Fax A written document that is scanned and sent across phone lines A letter that can reach the other side of the world in seconds Can get lost on the phone lines. Document may not scan well. Black and white only Notices A kind of memo pinned to a notice board to inform the passers-by Notices can inform anyone about what is going on and it cannot be private May not reach the person(s) you want it to Skype and other VoIP applications It allows you to make free calls to other Skype users and very cheap calls to Landlines and Mobiles. Now, with Skype 2 you can add video to your conversation A cheaper alternative to making phone calls. The call is sent over your broadband connection so is quick and clear. No national or international charges You have to pay (albeit very little) for calls to landlines and mobiles   Aaron L. Lovegrove Page 1 09/05/2007 Page 1 of 7 Business Studies Unit 1 Functional Area.

Psychological Impact Paper Essay Example for Free

Psychological Impact Paper Essay Cultural diversity is a bonus in the society today. The ability to interact or network with other cultures gives you an opportunity to understand different cultures and how they live their life on a daily basis. Although being culturally diverse may be a positive aspect. It may have complications depending on your race. For example, Racism, Discrimination, and Civil rights are factors that may cause a psychological development, distress, or behavior problem. In my paper I will discuss the potential impact of racism, discrimination, and civil rights on the psychological development, distress and behavior on a cultural diverse African American. Racism â€Å"Racism consists of beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotype characteristics or ethnic group affiliation,† (Hall, 2010. Pg 88). African Americans faced racism on a daily basis in the 1900s. Lynch mobs and burnings terrorized African Americans, causing them to be skeptical or in fear of leaving their own home. They were denied industry jobs and were forced to work low end jobs. This resulted in to poor living conditions which affected their mental health. Picking cotton was their main source of income. African Americans began to question their self worth because as of minorities they were not able to express their intelligence or communication skills they used to be culturally diverse. African Americans began to think they were useless only because they could not provide more for their families. â€Å"Categorical beliefs about the biological and/or cultural inferiority of some racial groups can attack the self-worth of at least some members of stigmatized racial groups and undermine the importance of their very existence† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 255). African Americans self esteem became to drop, causing them not to be able to function mentally. Racism may have decreased compared to the 1900s but it still exists in present day. Discrimination Discrimination has been known to have an impact on the  psychological development, distress and behavior on African Americans. Discrimination is (Define). â€Å"Recent qualitive studies and journalistic accounts reveal that black experience discrimination in a broad range of contexts in society and that these incidents can induce considerable distress† (Williams and Morris, 2000. Pg 251). Treated unfairly impacted the health of African Americans, causing anxiety or anger. African Americans thought that they were overly qualified for jobs that they were denied. After being denied African Americans would become angry or frustrated because of not being treated equally. African Americans were prideful of their culture and the only way to show people of other cultures is by showing they were inferior. African Americans were inferior but still suffered from mental health problems. â€Å"Racist discrimination is associated with anxiety, anger frustration, resentment, somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal hypersentivity, fear, paranoia, helplessness-hopelessness, and depression among African Americans† (Hall, 2010. Pg 91). Discrimination caused African Americans to lack interactions amongst other races in schools. â€Å"Afrocentrism espouses African ideals at the center of ones approach to problem solving† (Hall, 2010. Pg 92). This was an important factor in the multicultural research. Civil Rights African Americans struggled for years for freedom form slavery. After being free fought for equality and a voice. Movements began to form on behalf of African Americans continued to struggle mentally, only because they felt their voice was not heard. In 1875 the Civil Rights Act was passed giving them the right to equal treatment in public settings. Followed by the 1896 decision to legalize racial segregation of schools. Although the schools were segregated African Americans parents and children feared for their lives. They were afraid that European Americans would hurt their children all because they were attending schools that where made for whites. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 created the opportunity for African Americans to have constitutionals rights without discrimination or segregation. The Civil Rights Act was passed but Racism still exist, causing African Americans to feel hopeless. African Americans then began to search  for another outcome which lead to Affirmative Action. The Black Muslims created opportunities and had a goal of diversity. Goals of Black Muslims were to replace the negative effects of slavery with positive values and behavior and to develop independence from the dominant culture,†(Hall, 2010. Pg90). Hope for understanding African American identity and multicultural relation was offered by psychological theory and research despite political and legal setbacks. Although African Americans were faced with adversities, they managed to overcome them. Africans struggled mentally as well as facing distress and behavior problems all because the way they were treated. African Americans tried to form bonds amongst other cultures, giving them the opportunity to become diverse individuals. Learning other cultures was common for African Americans, like for instance adapting to the American culture after being slaved. African Americans have put the past behind them and continue to become more diverse as well teaching other cultures there values and traditions. Barnes, J. (2004). Unequal Education. U.S. News World Report, 136(10), 66. Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Formulation and Characterization of Microemulsion System

Formulation and Characterization of Microemulsion System Abstract Formulation of a new oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion composed of Castor oil/Tween 80/Ethanol/Phosphate buffer for enhancing the loading capacity of an anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam has been accomplished. The pseudo-ternary phase diagram has been delineated at constant surfactant/cosurfactant ratio (1:2). The internal structure of so created four-component system was elucidated by means of an analysis of isotropic area magnitudes in the phase diagram. Conductivity (?), kinematic viscosity (kh) and surface tension (g) studies with the variation in ?w (weight fraction of aqueous phase) show the occurrence of structural changes from water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion to oil-in-water (o/w). Along with the solubility and partition studies of piroxicam in microemulsion components, the changes in the microstructure of the microemulsion after incorporation of drug have been evaluated using pH, ?, g, kh and density studies. Piroxicam, a poorly water soluble drug, displayed high solubility (1 .0%) in an optimum microemulsion formulation using Ethanol (55.0%), Tween 80 (26.5%), Castor oil (7.5%), and Phosphate buffer (11.0%). The results have shown that the microemulsion remained stable after the incorporation of piroxicam. Fluorescence spectra analysis taking pyrene as fluorescent probe was performed and the results showed that pyrene was completely solubilized in the oil phases of the bicontinuous microemulsions. The fluorescence spectrum of model drug piroxicam was used to probe the intramicellar region of nonionic microemulsion. The results showed that the piroxicam was localized in the interfacial film of microemulsion systems more deeply in the palisade layer with ethanol as the co-surfactant. Keywords: Microemulsion; Piroxicam; Isotropic area; Spectroscopy; Structural changes Introduction Piroxicam is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory compound with analgesic and antipyretic effects, used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and traumatic contusions. However, it has been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. It is possible to minimize these problems by developing drug carriers to prevent the direct contact of drug with gastric mucosal or that allow the topical administration of drug (1, 2). Microemulsions are optically isotropic, transparent and thermodynamically stable homogeneous solutions of oil and water, stabilized by addition of a surfactant and usually a cosurfactant (3, 4). These structures have been considerably investigated as drug delivery and carrier system for a wide range of drugs including analgesics and anti-inflammatory and also used to dissolve lipophilic drugs in aqueous medium or hydrophilic drugs in lipophilic medium (4, 5). Oil in water microemulsions have been described as a reservoir system that can inhibit drug release, increasing the topical effect (6). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the advantages of microemulsion or the transdermal delivery of drugs (7). First, a large amount of drug can be incorporated in the formulation due to the high solubilizing capacity, with increased thermodynamic activity towards the skin. Second, the permeation rate of a drug from microemulsion may be increased, since the affinity of the drug to th e internal phase in microemulsion can be easily modified, to favor partitioning, using different internal phases and changing the composition of the microemulsion. Third, the surfactant and cosurfactant used in the microemulsion may reduce the various diffusional barrier by acting as penetration enhancers (8, 9). For the selection of components of a biocompatible microemulsion system, the use of non-ionic surfactants has been widely accepted, since these are compatible and retain its utility over a broad range of pH values and may affect the skin barrier function (10-12). Microemulsion comprises different structures (water-in-oil (w/o), oil-in-water (o/w) and bicontinuous) and these help in releasing the drug (13, 14). It is necessary to characterize the microstructure of pure and drug-loaded microemulsion. The changes in the internal structure of a microemulsion can be monitored by analyzing conductivity, viscosity, density, surface tension and the fluorescence probe studies, etc. (15-17). The incorporated drug may or may not influence the microstructure. o/w and w/o microemulsions may show different behavior for the release of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. In the present work, an attempt has been made to construct a microemulsion system, for poorly water soluble non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam, comprising castor oil, a non-ionic surfactant Tween 80, a short chain alkanol cosurfactant (ethanol) and phosphate buffer (PB) pH 7.4. The pseudo-ternary phase diagram has been constructed for the chosen system at a constant surfactant:cosurfactant ratio (1:2). The reason for the selection of the particular oil chosen was that the castor oil has a hydroxyl group in addition to unsaturation, making it more polar. Ricinoleic acid is the main component of castor oil and it exerts anti-inflammatory effects (18). Polyoxyethylene fatty acid, stearic acid, oleic acid are used in emulsifiers in oil/water type creams and lotions. Conductivity, viscosity, surface tension and the fluorescence behavior of the pyrene is employed to investigate the gradual changes occurring in the microstructure of microemulsion. Pyrene is popular fluorescent probe which is used to study the microheterogeneous media. The fluorescence spectrum of Pyrene was used to sense the micropolarity of the o/w microemulsion. In this study, it is analyzed that how stability, optical texture and microstructure of microemulsion formulation, is influenced by piroxicam. To improve the solubility of piroxicam, an effort has been made to develop an optimum o/w microemulsion. It is therefore expected that the use of microemulsion formulation may enhance the solubility of piroxicam and prevent its degradation. Materials and Methods Materials Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), absolute ethanol (99.8 ? %) and castor oil were purchased from Fluka. Pyrene (98 %) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Piroxicam was generously provided by Amson Vaccines Pharma (PVT) Ltd and used without further purification. Phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4) was used as the hydrophilic phase. Buffers were prepared using NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4. 0.1M NaOH and HCl were used to maintain the pH of the solution. Methods Microemulsion Preparation The pseudo-ternary phase diagram was mapped (as shown in Fig. 1) using oil (castor oil), surfactant (Tween 80; HLB = 15), cosurfactant (ethanol) and aqueous phase PB (pH 7.4) at 25 ±0.01 ?C with constant surfactant:cosurfactant mass ratio (1:2). The temperature was kept at 25 ±0.01 ?C and was maintained by a Lauda M-20 thermostat. Castor oil was first mixed with Tween 80/ethanol mixture; PB was then added to obtain the desired microemulsion compositions. Transparent, single-phase mixtures were designated as microemulsions. All the samples were stable for over 10 months, remaining clear and transparent. Drug incorporation in Microemulsion Eight microemulsions differing from each other by Fw, were selected from the single-phase region of phase diagram (Fig. 2) with compositions mentioned in table I, to study their potential as drug delivery system. All of them show stability over 10 months and remain clear and transparent. Piroxicam was dissolved into the pre-weight oil component of the system at a concentration of 1% (w/w) under stirring followed by addition of remaining components. Microemulsion Characterization Optical Transparency The homogeneity and optical isotropy of pure and drug loaded microemulsions were examined by a Polarimeter (ATAGO, AP-100 Automatic Polarimeter) and visual examination at room temperature. Centrifugation Thermodynamic stability of pure and drug-loaded microemulsions was tested by carrying out centrifugation at 5500 rpm for 20 min using (Hermle Z200) centrifuge. Surface Tension Surface Tension measurements were made at 25  ±0.010C under atmospheric pressure by Torsion Balance (White Elec. Inst. Co. Ltd.) equipped with a ring having circumference of 4.0 cm. The experimental error was about  ±0.05 mNm-1. Density and Specific Gravity Densities and Specific Gravity of pure and drug loaded microemulsions were measured by making use of an Anton Paar (Model DMA 5000) density meter at 25  ±0.01 ?C. The density meter was calibrated before and after each set of density measurement using the density of air and pure water. Refractive Index The refractive indices of the formulations were determined using a refractometer (ATAGO, RX-5000) by placing 1 drop of solution on the slide. pH The apparent pH of all the selected microemulsions and the drug loaded microemulsion was determined using a pH Meter (WTW 82362 Weilheim) fitted with a pH electrode (WTW A061414035). The temperature was maintained at 25 ±0.01 ?C by a Lauda M-20 thermostat. Conductivity Measurements The effect of the amount of water phase of microemulsion was monitored quantitatively by measuring the electrical conductivity. The electric conductivity (?) was measured by means of a Microprocessor Conductivity Meter (WTW 82362 Weilheim) fitted with an electrode (WTW 06140418) having a cell constant of 1.0 cm-1. The temperature was kept at 25 ±0.01 ?C and was maintained by a Lauda M-20 thermostat. Conductivity measurements were carried out by titration of oil and surfactant/cosurfactant mixture with buffer (along the dilution line AB in Fig. 1). Further the conductivity of selected and drug loaded microemulsions was also measured. The error limit of conductance measurements was  ±0.02 ?scm-1. Viscosity Measurements Viscosities were measured with calibrated Ubbelhode viscometer at 25 ±0.1 ?C. For each measurement, the viscometer was washed, rinsed and vacuum dried. To follow the viscous behavior of the microemulsions, flow time was measured for all the selected and drug-loaded microemulsions (1 wt% drug). The error limit of viscosities measurements was  ±3%. Absorption and Steady-State Emission Measurements The absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectra were recorded using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 20 spectrophotometer and a Perkin Elmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer, respectively, both with an external temperature controlled cell holder at a temperature of 25.0 ±0.1 °C. The fluorescence emission spectrum of pyrene (excitation at 340 nm) was used to obtain the ratio of intensities of the first to the third vibronic peaks (I1/I3). Good resolution of the bands was obtained at the slit width (ex. 5.0nm, em. 5.0 nm). The scan range used was from 350-500 nm. The Photo Multiplier tube voltage was kept at 665V. The concentration of pyrene was 1.0 ?M. The intensities for I1 and I3 are taken at 373 and 384 nm, respectively. The fluorescence emission spectrum of piroxicam at ?exc 370 nm was obtained where the emission and excitation slits were fixed at. 7.0 nm. The scan range used was from 390-650 nm. The concentration of piroxicam was 10.0 ?M. To quantify the solubilization of piroxicam in micellar media of Tween 80-Ethanol system, differential absorbance measurements were made in such a way that drug (piroxicam) solution of a particular concentration (1.0-10-5M) was kept on reference side and the Tween 80-Ethanol-Piroxicam solution on the sample side in the spectrophotometer. Partition Coefficients Oil/buffer partition coefficient was determined by dissolving 20 mg piroxicam in 2ml Castor Oil. Buffer was added in 1:1 ratio (v/v). The mixture was shaken for 10 min and centrifuged for 2 hours. The two layers were separated and the content of piroxicam in aqueous layer (PB) was assayed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 371 nm. The final content of drug in the lipophilic phase was calculated by subtracting the content of piroxicam in aqueous phase from initial loaded content of drug in the lipophilic phase. Further, the effect of presence of Tween 80 and ethanol on the partition of piroxicam in oil/buffer was studied by adding 5% (w/v) of each Tween 80 and ethanol. Results and Discussion In the present system, microemulsion was prepared using Castor oil (fatty acid), which induces highly permeable pathways in the stratum corneum (18-20). Tween-80 is a widely accepted non-ionic surfactant, used in many pharmaceutical formulations (21-23). The cosurfactant (ethanol) is used to study the one phase microemulsion region. The presence of alcohol overcomes the need for any additional input of energy. These properties make the components useful as vehicles for drug delivery (24-26). In the absence of aqueous phase, a solution-like oily phase consisting only of surfactant, oil, and ethanol exists. Ethanol interacts with the ethoxylated head groups of the Tween 80 by hydrogen bonding and affects its critical packing parameter (CPP). When water is progressively added to the concentrate it facilitates the organization of the hydrated head groups of the surfactant into a polar core while the fatty acid tails are immersed in the oil continuous phase. The ethanol suppresses formation of lyotropic liquid crystals. Any free aqueous phase is entrapped in the microstructures. Thus, w/o microstructures are formed. Upon further dilution, the reversed nanostructures grow and convert into a bicontinuous phase and finally invert into o/w microstructures without phase separation. Phase Studies Fig. 1 shows the pseudo-ternary phase diagram and area of existence of microemulsion for Tween-80/ethanol/castor oil/phosphate buffer. Microemulsion in the present study formed spontaneously at ambient temperature when their components were brought in contact. Phase behavior investigations of this system demonstrated the suitable approach of determining the water phase, oil phase, surfactant concentration, and cosurfactant concentration with which the transparent, 1-phase low-viscous microemulsion system was formed. The phase behavior, as shown by figure 1, manifests a two-phase region, a three-phase region and a large single-phase region which gradually and continuously transformed from buffer rich side of binary solution (buffer/surfactant micellar phase) of pseudo-ternary phase diagram towards the oil rich region. This stresses a continuous transition from a water rich compositions to oil swollen micelles. The phase study revealed that the maximum proportion of oil was incorporated in microemulsion systems when the surfactant-to-cosurfactant ratio was 1:2. From a formulation viewpoint, the increased oil content in microemulsions may provide a greater opportunity for the solubilization of piroxicam. Eight microemulsions (1-8) were selected from the single-phase isotropic region (Fig. 2), with compositions mentioned in table I. Selected Microemulsion (ME) was further analyzed by conductivity, viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index and pH. The values of measured parameters have been presented in table II. Conductivity Measurements Conductometry is a useful tool to assess microemulsion structure. Conductivity studies have explained the existence of a characteristic zone with an isotropic microemulsion domain in a continuum. Determination of electric conductivity (s) as a function of weight fraction of aqueous component Fw (% wt) for the oil, surfactant/cosurfactant mixture along the dilution line AB (shown in Fig. 2) has been carried out. The results of variation of s vs Fw (% wt) are shown in Fig. 3 (a). The behavior exhibits profile characteristic of percolative conductivity (27-29). The conductivity is initially low in an oil-surfactant mixture but increases with increase in aqueous phase. As the volume fraction of water increases, the electrical conductivity of the system slightly increases as well, until the critical Fw is reached. At this stage, a sudden increase in conductivity is observed. This phenomenon is known as percolation, and the critical Fw at which it occurs is known as percolation threshold Fp (27). The value of conductivity below Fp suggests that the reverse droplets are discrete (forming w/o microemulsion) and have little interaction. Above Fp the value of s increases linearly and steeply till it touches the value of Kb. The interaction between the aqueous domains becomes progressively more important and forms a network of conductive channel (bicontinuous microemulsion) (30). Rapid increase in conductivity beyond the percolation threshold (Fp ? 6%) up to approximate value of 20% of Fw indicates the existence of network of conductive channels, which corresponds to the formation of water cylinders or channels in an oil phase due to the attractive interactions between the spherical micro-droplets of water phase in the w/o microemulsion. Increasing water content above Fb (Fw > 20%), the s shows a dip in the measured values which may be due to strong attractive forces as system becomes more viscous (16, 30).Fig. 3 (b) depicts the variation of log s vs weight fraction of water (Fw). The change in the slope of log s can be attributed to the structural transition to bicontinuous from w/o (23), nearly at Fw = 6%. The transition takes place once the aqueous phase becomes continuous phase i.e. at Fb. This is in line with the observation made in phase study. Figure 3(a) illustrates occurrence of three different structures (namely w/o, bicontinuous, o/w). The conductivity of the microemulsions containing more than 20 wt% water decreased significantly, probably due to the higher viscosity. The percolation threshold can be determined from the plot (ds/dFw), as a function of the water weight fraction, Fw (% wt) (30). A maximum in the first derivative of conductance Fw at ~12wt % water is observed (Fig. 4) confirming the presence of percolation behavior (bicontinuous microstructure) in this region (31). The electric conductivity of pure selected and drug loaded microemulsion (1.0%) is given in table II. A comparison of two systems shows that drug incorporation does not affect the microstructure of the microemulsion. Viscosity Measurements To avoid the ambiguity of non-Newtonian flow behavior of microemulsion the flow time has been used as an index of viscosity (32). Flow time of oil, surfactant/cosurfactant mixture along the dilution line AB (shown in Fig. 2), was measured as a function of weight fraction of water Fw (wt %) and is shown in Fig. 5. Similar trend has been observed for the viscosity of oil, surfactant/cosurfactant mixture as a function of Fw (Fig. 6). The rapid change in the viscosity is probably due to the change in the microstructure of the microemulsion. The change in the internal structure could be due to either the change in the shape of droplets or may be due to the transition from w/o to bicontinuous microemulsion. It is well known that increase of volume fraction of dispersed phase in microemulsion increases viscosity of the system (33). For the system studied viscosity increases with increase in Fw (wt% of aqueous phase). Difference in the viscosities is more profound for lower water content values in comparison to the dilute system. The microemulsion system is turning to be more viscous with addition of water and thus may help in the slow diffusing of drug at infinite dilution. The microemulsion system thus, shows a structural change from oil continuous system to water continuous, which has higher viscosities than the former (34). The plots of hk (kinematic viscosity), d2?/d2Fw and 1/? d?/dFw versus Fw reflect that the transition occurs at ~11% weight fraction of aqueous phase (Fig. 6). The transition point of surface tension, conductivity and viscosity plots coincides well at ~11% weight fraction of aqueous phase and confirms the presence of percolative behavior. Surface Tension The surface tension increases linearly over the same range of water content (Fig. 7), but two breaks (at ~7.0 and ~20 wt% water) suggest that structure changes occur at these compositions. The surface tension measurements showed increment, when measured as a function of weight fraction of aqueous component, except for the ~12% weight fraction where the value suddenly decreased and thereafter a regular increase was observed. This low surface tension value showed the presence of bicontinuous microemulsion between oil and water rich system, which is because of presence of self-assembled organize microstructure in it (14, 35). The results coincide well with the electric conductivity and viscosity measurements. It can be assumed that the added alcohol (ethanol) is incorporated in the interfacial structure in such a way that more water is on the outside of the oil drops, causing the increase in surface tension. Incorporation of drug showed a negligible change in the surface tension measure ments, therefore indicting the possibility of piroxicam molecules into the palisade layer on the inner side of microemulsion. Fluorescence Measurements In the case of oil-in-water microemulsions, the steady-state fluorescence technique was successfully applied (36). Fluorescence measurements of the hydrophobic probe mainly depend on the polarity of the medium and hence in bicontinuous microemulsions it is a good indication of the polarity of the microenvironment in the microemulsion structure (37). The fluorescence spectra for pyrene molecule in water, individual oil phase, in alcohols, in ethanol/oil and in all the selected microemulsions are shown in Figure 8. There are four principal vibronic bands in the fluorescence spectrum (Fig. 8a), labeled I to IV. The peak intensity ratio I1/I3 in the steady-state fluorescence spectra is a measurement of the relative polarity of pyrenes environment (17). Since pyrene reactant is substantially more soluble in oil phases, I1/I3 is expected to be lower in these phases (38). In the present work, for oil phase, the I1/I3 value is 0.68. In relatively polar methanol and ethanol media, I1/I3 values were found to be 1.20 and 1.09 respectively. Water is a highly polar solvent; the solubility of pyrene in this solvent is less than 2 ?M. Hence the possibility of formation of excimer leading to I3 signal is extremely low in water. Experimentally I1/I3 value is 1.70 was obtained for this medium. Plot of I1/I3 versus weight fraction of aqueous component composition in microemulsion is shown in Figure 9. The value of I1/I3 varies between 0.85 and 0.91, which is comparable to a change from oil to water (0.68 and 1.70, respectively). The I1/I3 fluorescence ratios of pyrene strongly suggest that this probe resides in microenvironments of polarity much lower (oil phase) than that of water or alcohol (39). The polarities of these microphases are similar to those of cosurfactant/oil mixtures (0.94). The following generalizations may be made regarding the fluorescence probe behavior in bicontinuous microemulsions. The I1/I3 values obtained by fluorescence measurements for all the stable bicontinuous microemulsions are closer to 0.88. These results suggest that pyrene is efficiently segregated from the water phase (40). The I1/I3 values in bicontinuous microemulsions systems are closer to the respective pure oil phase. This is due to complete solubility of pyrene in oil phases of the bicontinuous microemulsions. We conclude that all the microemulsions have separate oil microphases, in which pyrene resides. Fluorescence Behavior of Piroxicam The fluorescence spectra for piroxicam molecule in water, individual oil phases, in surfactant/cosurfactant mixture (1:2) and in the optimum microemulsion system are shown in Figure 10. For oil phase the emission maxima (lem) is 465nm. In S/CoS (1:2) system lem is 451nm. Water is a highly polar solvent; the solubility of piroxicam in this solvent is low than 10 ?M. The lem of piroxicam in water is 442nm. The emission maximum in bicontinuous microemulsion system is (462nm) closer to the respective pure oil phase. The results showed that the piroxicam was localized in the interfacial film of microemulsion systems more deeply in the palisade layer. Partition Coefficient Partition coefficients influence drug transport characteristics which involve drug absorption, retention, distribution and elimination. Since drugs are distributed by the blood, they must penetrate and traverse many cells to reach the site of action. Hence, partition coefficients will determine what tissues a given compound can reach. Oil/buffer Partition Coefficients The partition coefficient (log p) of piroxicam in oil/buffer is 5.03 ±0.20. The presence of ethanol (5% in buffer) does not affect the partition coefficient (data shown in table III) whereas Tween 80 (5% in buffer) reduces the log p. The presence of surfactant reduces the concentration of drug in oil. Thus, solubility and partition studies indicate that piroxicam may be present at interface. The drug is entering into the palisade layer on the inner side of droplet which may help to increase the solubility of piroxicam. The partition coefficients were calculated using equation 1 (41); where A(org) is the absorbance of the organic layer, A(aq) is the absorbance of the aqueous layer, Vf(org) is the final volume of the sample from the organic layer, V(org) is the volume of the aliquot from the organic layer, Vf(aq) is the final volume of the sample from the aqueous layer, V(aq) is the volume of the aliquot of the aqueous layer. Micelle/buffer Partition Coefficient Figure 11 shows the differential absorption spectra of drug (piroxicam) in presence of various concentrations of Tween 80 having constant S/CoS ratio (1:2). The buffer-micelle partition coefficient Kc (dm3 mol-1), a useful parameter to quantify the solubilization of piroxicam in micellar media of Tween 80-Ethanol system, can be calculated by using equation 2 (42). Here Ca is the drug concentration (1.0-10-5M), Csmo represents Cs-CMC0 (CMC0 is the CMC of Tween 80 in water i.e. 11.0mM), ?A? is the differential absorbance at the infinity of Cs. Kc can be obtained through intercept and slope values of the straight line plot of 1/?A against 1/ (Ca+ Csmo), as shown in Figure 12. The value of Kc is given in table IV. The dimensionless partition coefficient p is related to Kc as p = Kc.nw, where nw is the number of moles of water per dm3 (55.5 mol dm-3), and is reported in table IV. The standard free energy change of the transfer of additive, from bulk water to micelle can be calculated using the following relation (equation 3): Here T is absolute temperature and R is the gas constant. The value of ?G °p for the piroxicam, using p is reported in table IV. High negative value of indicates the ease of penetration of drug inside the micelles. This is clearly exhibited by the higher values of p and more negative for piroxicam, as shown in table IV. Tween 80 is nonionic surfactant and there is no electrostatic interaction, the hydrogen bonding between the polyoxyethylene groups of Tween 80 and piroxicam makes the complex (Tween 80-piroxicam) more hydrophobic, which corresponds to high ?G °p value. Conclusion The pseudo-ternary phase diagram and area of existence of microemulsion for Tween 80/ethanol/castor oil/buffer was delineated. The conductivity and viscosity studies along the dilution line (in phase diagram) depict the structural transition from w/o to o/w via bicontinuous phase at ~11% ?w (wt% fraction of aqueous phase). Among the eight selected microemulsions, ME was found to be optimum for the incorporation of piroxicam. After the incorporation of the drug, microemulsion remained stable and optically clears with no phase separation. The surface tension and fluorescence studies indicated that the drug may reside at the interface of oil and aqueous phase. The drug is entering into the palisade layer on the inner side of the droplet, resulting in controlled release of drug. Thus, we can conclude that this microemulsion system helps in increasing the solubility of a highly hydrophobic drug, with the help of hydrophobic component of microemulsion and lipophilic part of surfactant. In addition, the formulation can be explored with high concentration of drug. Pharmaceutically usable microemulsion system was prepared from water and castor oil with a constant amount of Tween-80 and ethanol at a mass ratio of 1:2. Its type and structure was examined by measuring surface tension, viscosity, electric conductivity, and the fluorescence techniques were assessed. Results of conductivity, viscosity, density and surface tension measurements confirm the prediction of a percolation transition to a bicontinuous structure. In future, the ability to determine type and structure of such microemulsion system could enable partitioning and release rates of drugs from microemulsion to be predicted. Acknowledgement The financial support of Quaid-i-Azam University and Higher Education Commission of Pakistan is duly acknowledged. References Lopes LB, Scarpa MV, Pereira NL, De Oliveira LC, Oliveira AG. Interaction of sodium diclofenac with freeze-dried soya phosphatidylcholine and unilamellar liposomes. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Farmaceuticas/Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006;42(4):497-504. Park ES, Cui Y, Yun BJ, Ko IJ, Chi SC. Transdermal delivery of piroxicam using microemulsions. Arch Pharmacal Res. 2005;28(2):243-8. Yuan Y, Li Sm, Mo Fk, Zhong Df. Investigation of microemulsion system for transdermal delivery of meloxicam. Int J Pharm. 2006;321(1-2):117-23. Sarciaux JM, Acar L, Sado PA. Using microemulsion formulations for oral drug delivery of therapeutic peptides. Int J Pharm. 1995;120(2):127-36. Ristsehel WA. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacol. 1991. Mehta SK, Kaur G, Bhasin KK. Analysis of Tween based microemulsion in the presence of TB drug rifampicin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2007;60(1):95-104. Sebastien H, Devin VM, Mark GA, Mark RP. Microfabricated microneedles: A novel approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 1998;87(8):922-5. Sintov AC, Botner S. Transdermal drug delivery using microemulsion and aqueous systems: Influence of skin storage conditions on the in vitro permeability of diclofenac from aqueous vehicle systems. Int J Pharm. 2006;311(1-2):55-62. Spernath A, Aserin A. Microemulsions as carriers for drugs and nutraceuticals. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;128-130:47-64. Lawrence MJ, Rees GD. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2000;45(1):89-121. Là ³pez A, Llinares F, Cortell C, Herrà ¡ez M. Comparative enhancer effects of Span ®20 with Tween ®20 and Azone ® on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of compounds with different lipophilicities. Int J Pharm. 2000;202(1-2):133-40. Fang JY, Yu SY, Wu PC, Huang YB, Tsai YH. In vitro skin permeation of estradiol from various proniosome formulations. Int J Pharm. 2001;215(1-2):91-9. Krauel K, Davies NM, Hook S, Rades T. Using different structure types of microemulsions for the preparation of poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles by interfacial polymerization. J Controlled Release. 2005;106(1-2):76-87. Mehta SK, Kaur G, Bhasin KK. Incorporation of antitubercular drug isoniazid in pharmaceutically accepted microemulsion: Effect on microstructure and physical parameters. Pharm Res. 2008;25(1):227-36. He D, Yang C, Ma M, Zhuang L, Chen X, Chen S. Studies of the chemical properties of tri-n-octylamine-secondary octanol-kerosene-HCl-H2O microemulsions and its extraction characteristics for cadmium(II). Colloids Surf A. 2004;232(1):39-47. Podlogar F, GasÃÅ'Å’perlin M, TomsÃÅ'Å’icÃÅ'Å’ M, Jamnik A, RogacÃÅ'Å’ MB. Structural characterisation of water-Tween 40 ®

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Rude Awakening :: essays papers

Rude Awakening The day was over and I lay in my rack wide-awake wishing I were in my own bed at home. As I recalled the events of the day, I began to fully comprehend the magnitude of my decision to join the Navy. I was about to spend my first night in the Navy’s boot camp. I thought of the shower I had experienced earlier. It was my first experience of a mass community shower. The shower was an extra large yellow tiled stall with 12 chrome showerheads. Six on each sidewall evenly spaced apart. Showering two girls to a head, orders to hurry were being barked from the female RDC’s monitoring us. RDC’s are Recruit Division Commanders; they are in charge of our boot camp learning experience. The next set of girls waited nervously just outside the stall for their turn. The shower experience was definitely something I was going to have to get use to. I lay in the top rack of my bunk, feeling sad and a little silly. I missed my family and friends and I felt silly for feeling so emotional and sad. I was surprised at how sad I was feeling and thought maybe I was being a baby. I turned my head to survey my surroundings and I took notice of the girl in the top bed of the bunk next to me. She was lying on her stomach resting on her elbows and crying as she wrote, probably a letter to someone she missed from home. I could hear her soft faint sobs. I could see by the expression on her face that she was fighting back her urge to cry out loud. I looked around the rest of the room and soon got the impression that this girl and I were not the only ones who were feeling blue. I was cold and tired and I knew I should get some sleep so I curled up into a ball and fell asleep. I don’t recall actually falling asleep. I just remember that I was awakened by a series of loud crashes. The crashes were followed by voices piercing into the darkness. I sat up and without any thought to it I jumped off the bed, not remembering I was on the top rack, and landed surprisingly on my feet. Rude Awakening :: essays papers Rude Awakening The day was over and I lay in my rack wide-awake wishing I were in my own bed at home. As I recalled the events of the day, I began to fully comprehend the magnitude of my decision to join the Navy. I was about to spend my first night in the Navy’s boot camp. I thought of the shower I had experienced earlier. It was my first experience of a mass community shower. The shower was an extra large yellow tiled stall with 12 chrome showerheads. Six on each sidewall evenly spaced apart. Showering two girls to a head, orders to hurry were being barked from the female RDC’s monitoring us. RDC’s are Recruit Division Commanders; they are in charge of our boot camp learning experience. The next set of girls waited nervously just outside the stall for their turn. The shower experience was definitely something I was going to have to get use to. I lay in the top rack of my bunk, feeling sad and a little silly. I missed my family and friends and I felt silly for feeling so emotional and sad. I was surprised at how sad I was feeling and thought maybe I was being a baby. I turned my head to survey my surroundings and I took notice of the girl in the top bed of the bunk next to me. She was lying on her stomach resting on her elbows and crying as she wrote, probably a letter to someone she missed from home. I could hear her soft faint sobs. I could see by the expression on her face that she was fighting back her urge to cry out loud. I looked around the rest of the room and soon got the impression that this girl and I were not the only ones who were feeling blue. I was cold and tired and I knew I should get some sleep so I curled up into a ball and fell asleep. I don’t recall actually falling asleep. I just remember that I was awakened by a series of loud crashes. The crashes were followed by voices piercing into the darkness. I sat up and without any thought to it I jumped off the bed, not remembering I was on the top rack, and landed surprisingly on my feet.

Friday, July 19, 2019

An Analysis Of John Berger Essay -- essays research papers fc

Pictures Don’t Always Paint a Thousand Words John Berger makes a bold statement in saying “ No other relic or text from the past can offer such a direct testimony about the world which surrounded other people at other times. In this respect images are more precise and richer than literature,'; (Ways of Reading, 106). This statement is very untrue. Literature has been the focal point of all modern learning.. Literature lets the reader feel what the author is thinking, not just see it as you would in a painting. This can be proven after reading Berger ‘s descriptions of paintings in Ways of Seeing and also reading parts of literature written by W.E.B Dubois.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a reader reads literature it is easy to feel what the author is writing about . An author’s job is to show the reader his point of view. He does this by describing things, offering opinions, and making conclusions. By doing this the author can get his point across and the reader can hopefully relate to him. A good author will also paint his own picture by words. He will leave the reader with a picture in his head of what he is describing. A writer’s words are stronger than the stroke of an artist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example of this could be from W.E.B Dubois ‘s Of the Meaning of Progress . DuBois paints us a picture of his life . On page 225, DuBois describes a child , he says “ Thenie was on hand early ,-a jolly, ugly ,good-hearted , who slyly dipped snuff and looked after her little bow legged brother.'; This description is something a picture can not describe. A picture cannot significantly show someone being jolly or good hearted. These two descriptions are important in learning about the character, thus literature is more precise than images.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berger’s also states that paintings leave the reader to make many conclusions. Berger is talking about the sitter in a painting by Frans Hals. He says “ It is not possible to produce circumstantial evidence to establish what there relationships were, ';(110). Here he is saying by looking at the picture, there aren’t many valid conclusions one can make. The viewer can see five people and describe what they look like, but he cannot dig any deeper. Any other conclusion a reader would mak... ...rpretations. Paintings are left open for the viewer to make his own conclusion. An author could send out an essay to a million different people and receive and still have only one interpretation. An author often will write a thesis statement which lets the reader know exactly what the writing will be about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, literature is what has built this nation and world from the ground up. Unfortunately John Berger did not feel this way. Images give us a picture that we can see with our eyes, but images leave out the feelings we see in our heart. Literature gives us the power to see and feel everything. The heart and mind will forever be more powerful than the eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WORKS CITED Berger, John. “Ways of Seeing.'; Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Bedford/St. Martin’s: New York, Boston, 1999. Pg 104-132. Du Bois, W.E.B. “Of the Meaning of Progress.'; Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Bedford/St. Martin’s: New York, Boston, 1999. Pg 224-231.

Comparing Adlerian Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution

It is my goal to become a school counselor in a local high school. As a school counselor, it is also important to try and understand the different experiences that children go through in order to get through to them. After studying the different counseling theories, I have discovered that each theory is valid and there are ideas and techniques that I would use out of each of them. However, there are some theories more than others that I would use to guide me daily as a school counselor. Modern day counseling is equipped with a wide variety of therapies, techniques and approaches. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast three approaches of therapy. Also in this essay the views of the person and the Therapeutic process will be discussed. The three models that are going to be compared are Adlerian, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Solution Focused Brief therapy (SFBT). This essay is going to highlight the similarities and differences of the models and their main fo cus, and how the three models will help the clients choose goals that best fit their environment and resources. The main goal of using these models is to help people. Adlerian Theory Key Concepts Alfred Adler was born in 1870. He published his first major psychology book, Understanding Human Nature, in 1959. Alder has a passionate concern for the common person and he was very outspoken about child-rearing practices, school reforms, and prejudices that resulted in conflict. Alder created 32 child guidance clinics in the Vienna public schools and began training teachers, social workers, physicians, and other professionals. Alder believes that where we are striving to go is more important than where we have come from. He saw humans as both the c... ...MA: Allyn & Bacon. Parker G, Roy K, Eyers K. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression? Choose horses for courses. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):825-34. Review. Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub. Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W., (2010). Solution-focused brief therapy. In J. Johnston (Ed.), Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: systems, strategies, and skills.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Sharon Howard a & Fran Thompson a pages 4-13. ... Young and Holdorf(2003)10. YOUNG, S. and HOLDORF, G. 2003. Using Solution Focused Brief Therapy in IndividualReferrals for Bullying. Educational Psychology in Practice, 19: 271–82. ... Stein, H. T., & Edwards, E. M., (1998), Classical Adlerian Theory and Practice. Retrieved December 11, 2013 from www.aldlerian.us/theoprac.htm Comparing Adlerian Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution It is my goal to become a school counselor in a local high school. As a school counselor, it is also important to try and understand the different experiences that children go through in order to get through to them. After studying the different counseling theories, I have discovered that each theory is valid and there are ideas and techniques that I would use out of each of them. However, there are some theories more than others that I would use to guide me daily as a school counselor. Modern day counseling is equipped with a wide variety of therapies, techniques and approaches. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast three approaches of therapy. Also in this essay the views of the person and the Therapeutic process will be discussed. The three models that are going to be compared are Adlerian, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Solution Focused Brief therapy (SFBT). This essay is going to highlight the similarities and differences of the models and their main fo cus, and how the three models will help the clients choose goals that best fit their environment and resources. The main goal of using these models is to help people. Adlerian Theory Key Concepts Alfred Adler was born in 1870. He published his first major psychology book, Understanding Human Nature, in 1959. Alder has a passionate concern for the common person and he was very outspoken about child-rearing practices, school reforms, and prejudices that resulted in conflict. Alder created 32 child guidance clinics in the Vienna public schools and began training teachers, social workers, physicians, and other professionals. Alder believes that where we are striving to go is more important than where we have come from. He saw humans as both the c... ...MA: Allyn & Bacon. Parker G, Roy K, Eyers K. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression? Choose horses for courses. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):825-34. Review. Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub. Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W., (2010). Solution-focused brief therapy. In J. Johnston (Ed.), Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: systems, strategies, and skills.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Sharon Howard a & Fran Thompson a pages 4-13. ... Young and Holdorf(2003)10. YOUNG, S. and HOLDORF, G. 2003. Using Solution Focused Brief Therapy in IndividualReferrals for Bullying. Educational Psychology in Practice, 19: 271–82. ... Stein, H. T., & Edwards, E. M., (1998), Classical Adlerian Theory and Practice. Retrieved December 11, 2013 from www.aldlerian.us/theoprac.htm

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Political Science Essay

1) Who is Oedipus? Jocasta? Laius? Theseus? Answer: Oedipus is the son of Laius and Jocasta there was prophet that he was going to kill his father and wed his mother. Laius is the king of Thebes and Oedipus’ father who was killed as a fulfillment on an oracle. Theseus is the king of Athens who takes Oedipus in and protects him after he has suffered greatly. 2) In the play Oedipus Rex, what is the relationship between truth, freedom, identity, and responsibility? Answer: Fate is inescapable. Oedipus learning the truth is him learning his identity and with freedom comes responsibility. 3) What is pollution? OR, why must Oedipus assume responsibility for things he did not know? Answer: Pollution is that for which Oedipus is responsible for. There are consequences for his actions and he must accept them. 4) What does it mean to say that freedom is recognition of necessity? Answer: It means we are never absolutely free. There is always a restraint. 5) In the final analysis, what advice about freedom, fate and the gods is Sophocles giving in Oedipus Rex? Answer: Strive for excellence in a world of constraints, rebel and accept the Gods, bravely acceptthe consequences of one’s actions, and do all of this in reverence and humility. 6) What does it mean to defend freedom on the basis of natural rights? Answer: Natural rights are rights that no person can give us. We have them because we arehuman.To say this is defending it. – Normative way of thinking 7) What does it mean to defend freedom on the basis of utility? Answer: Freedom as a utility are rights that defend the right on grounds of the city rather than ofthe Gods. 8) According to Adrienne Rich, what does a woman need to know to be free? Answer: She needs to know her own history, analysis of her own condition, her politicized female body, and creative genius of women in the past. 9) Whose freedom is Sojourner Truth advocating? Answer: Sojourner Truth is advocating the freedom of African Americans, free slaves, and women 10) According to John Stuart Mill, what is the greatest danger to freedom in a democratic society? Answer: The greatest danger to freedom in a democratic society is social tyranny (public opinion) because it penetrates so deeply into one’s soul that there is no alternative. It feathers the development of individuality (the notion of an autonomous and rationality of the individual). 11) According to Mill, what is the domain of consciousness, or those freedoms that are most precious? Answer: Conscious, Thought/Feeling, Opinion/Sentiment, Expression, Tastes & Pursuits, Unite/Assembly 12) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the pursuit of truth? Answer: Partial truths may have some truth, but even truth must be combatted, questioned or it isnothing but prejudice or dogma. 13) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the development of individuality? Answer: The individual needs freedom for observation, needs freedom of reason and judgment, freedom to gather information, freedom to discriminate/to decide, and freedom and courage to hold firm to our tastes. 14) According to Mill, what utility does freedom have for the development of a progressive society? Answer: Societies that are possessive of innovation sustain truths and tradition and avoid mediocrity. 15) How does Sophocles portray Oedipus and the issue of guilt/innocence in Oedipus at Colonus? Answer: Oedipus is a stranger in need, he declares his innocence, and Thesesus and Athens offer him gifts. 16) What does Theseus offer to Oedipus in Oedipus at Colonus? Why? Answer: Theseus greets Oedipus with respect and empathy. He asks Oedipus what does he need and offers him hospitality and protection from Creon, Creon’s army, and Polynices. He gives him citizenship and grace. Theseus gives him gifts given by Athens because Theseus was once to in exile. 17) What is the function/importance of a language of the good? Answer: It teaches us what human beings need to achieve their potential. 18) What is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? How does it compare to Aristotle’s theory of the goods of life? Answer: It is a pyramid showing the balanced goods or â€Å"diet† a human being needs to be happy like self-actualization, belongingness, esteem, safety, and physiological. How it compares idk. 19) Who is Pericles and what are the main principles of his funeral oration? Answer: Pericles is general and orator in Athens. The main principles of his funeral oration are city of freedom, city of empire, and citizenship. 20) What does Pericles have to say about citizenship? Answer: Citizenship requires excellence, public service, reverence for the city (patriotism), respect for authorities and law, military training, beauty, and willingness to die for the city. 21) What is Socrates’ vocation? Answer: He literally disapproves of the oracle which says he is the wisest man. 22) What are the formal charges against Socrates? Answer: The formal charges against Socrates are public opinion. 23) What are the informal charges against Socrates? Answer: He studies things that are above the sky and are below the earth. He makes strong arguments weak and weak arguments strong. He does not believe in the Gods of the city, but one new God. 24) What is Socratic ignorance? Answer: A certain type of wisdom is a certain type of ignorance. You don’t say what you don’t know. 25) What is Socrates’ daimon? Answer: The daimon is the inner God that speaks to him. It is a voice of subjectivity, consciousness, and rational insight. (picture a little angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other trying to tell you what you should do) 26) What is the relationship, in Socrates, of philosophy, death and the heroic tradition? Answer: Socrates does not fear death. He sees it as his characters (an eternal sleep or rejoining with loved one). The soul of one is not at stake. The soul of many is. 27) What does Socrates mean by caring for the soul? Answer: Caring for the soul means avoid injustice, ruthless intellectual honesty, engage in self-examination, and sustain moral energy. 28) What are the characteristics of Socrates’ theory of citizenship? Answer: The characteristics are caring for the soul, moral skepticism/dissent, a strong sense of moral individualism, all of this occurs in socratic ignorance, heroic citizenship (a citizen that does not fear death), and love of the city.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Reflection on Culture Shock

Last class, the prof let us see a picture. The picture tells us un ilk America, sufferada likes salad dissimilar people can go into its socialization and do not need to trick its own culture, like a break up pot. I bring forward this metaphor is actually vivid. In my eyes, Canadian is more loving and more kind than American. When I constitute on the bus, I see versatile people from different countries. And they talk astir(predicate) slightlything together, very(prenominal) happy and harmonious.If we bump person at school accidently, you allow make that before you say sorry to him, he will say sorry to you. At first I feel impertinent about that. I bump to him, wherefore he dont angered and say sorry to me? When I venture infrastructure I ask my home stay mother, she tell Canadian is very polite. If you get lost and ask a guy how to get the destination, he will tell you in detail as if he is afraid of you getting lost. some days ago, after I had supper in East, I want to buy some Korea food, I know there has a supermarket near the restaurant, but I do not know how to get there. So I look around to think the way. Then a man came to me and asked Can I help you? You look woolly-headed just now. Where do you want to go? I told him the name of the supermarket and he said follow me, I lead you to there. I appreciated him and got there. So from my experience, I like this diverse cultural atmosphere, I unceasingly think that I am a lucky dog I pursue to this big culture family