Agatha Christie A Study on Gender and Racial Roles Essay Example For Students

Agatha Christie: A Study on Gender and Racial Roles Essay Woman Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, DBE was an English wrongdoing author of books, short stories, and plays. She additionally composed six sentiments under the name Mary Westmacott, yet she is best associated with the 66 criminologist books and 14 short story assortments she composed under her own name, the vast majority of which spin around the examinations of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Miss Jane Marple and Tommy and Tuppence. She additionally composed the universes longest-running play, The Mousetrap. Destined to an affluent upper-working class family in Torquay, Devon, Christie served in a medical clinic during the First World War, before wedding and beginning a family in London. Albeit at first fruitless at getting her work distributed, in 1920, The Bodley Head press distributed her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, including the character of Poirot. This propelled her scholarly vocation. As indicated by the Guinness Book of World Records, Christie is the top of the line author ever. Her books have sold approximately 4 billion duplicates, and her domain asserts that her works rank third, after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible, as the universes most-generally distributed books. As per Index Translationum, Christie is the most-deciphered individual writer, nd her books have been converted into at any rate 103 dialects. And afterward There Were None is Christies top rated novel with 100 million deals to date, making it the universes top rated puzzle ever, and extraordinary compared to other selling books, time. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. Christies stage play The Mousetrap holds the record for the longest introductory run: it opened at the Ambassadors Theater in London on 25 November 1952 and starting at 2012 is as yet pursuing in excess of 25,000 exhibitions. In 1955, Christie was the main beneficiary of the Mystery Writers of Americas most noteworthy respect, the Grand Master Award, and around the same time Witness for the Prosecution was given an Edgar Award by the MWA for Best Play. A considerable lot of her books and short stories have been recorded, and many have been adjusted for TV, radio, computer games and funnies. Life and vocation Childhood: 1890-1910 Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie was conceived on 15 September 1890 into an affluent upper white collar class family in Ashfield, Torquay, Devon in South West England. Christies mother, Clara Boehmer was an Englishwoman who had been conceived in Belfast, cutting edge Northern Ireland, in 1854 to Captain Frederick Boehmer and Mary Ann West; the couples just little girl, she had four siblings, one of whom kicked the bucket youthful. Chief Boehmer was slaughtered in a riding mishap while positioned on Jersey in April 1863, leaving Mary Ann to bring up her youngsters alone on a small pay. Under money related strain, she sent Clara to live with her auntie Margaret Miller n?â ©e West, who had hitched an affluent American Nathaniel Frary Miller in 1863 and lived in Prinsted, West Sussex. Clara remained with Margaret, and there she would meet her future spouse, an American stockbroker named Frederick Alvah Miller, who was the child of Nathaniel. Frederick was an individual from the little and well off American high society, and had been sent to Europe to increase training in Switzerland. Considered relationship with Clara, and they were hitched in April 1878. Their first youngster, Margaret Madge Frary Miller was conceived in Torquay, where the couple were leasing lodgings, while their second, Louis Monty Montant was conceived in the U. S. territory of New York, where Frederick was on a work excursion. Clara before long bought an estate in Torquay, named Ashfield, in which to raise her family, and it was here that her third and last youngster, Agatha, was conceived. Christie would depict her youth as extremely upbeat, and was encircled by a progression of solid and free ladies since the beginning. Her time was spent switching back and forth between her Devonshire home, her progression grandma/aunties house in Ealing, West London and parts of Southern Europe, where her family would occasion throughout the winter. Ostensibly Christian, she was likewise brought up in a family unit with different exclusive convictions, and like her kin accepted that their mom Clara was a clairvoyant with the capacity of second sight. Her mom demanded that she get home instruction, thus her folks were liable for instructing er to peruse and compose, and to have the option to perform essential math, a subject that she especially delighted in. They additionally showed her music, and she figured out how to play both the piano and the mandolin. A ravenous peruser since the beginning, among her soonest recollections were those of perusing the childrens books composed by Mrs Molesworth, including The Adventures of Herr Baby, Christmas Tree Land and The Magic Nuts . She additionally read crafted by Edith Nesbit, including The Story of the Treasure Seekers, The Phoenix and the Carpet and The Railway Children . At the point when a little more seasoned she proceeded onward to perusing the strange section of Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll. Quite a bit of her adolescence was spent generally alone and separate from other kids, in spite of the fact that she invested a lot of energy with her pets, whom she loved. In the end warming up to a gathering of different young ladies in Torquay, she noticed that one of the features of my reality was her appearance with them in an adolescent creation of Gilbert and Sullivans The Yeomen of the Guard, where she played the legend, Colonel Fairfax. This was to be her last operatic job, for as she later composed, an encounter that you truly delighted in ought to never be rehashed. Her dad was regularly sick, experiencing a progression of coronary failures, and in November 1901 he kicked the bucket, matured 55. His passing left the family crushed, and in a questionable financial circumstance. Clara and Agatha kept on living respectively in their Torquay home; Madge had moved to the close by Cheadle Hall with her new spouse and Monty had Joined the military and been sent to South Africa to fght in the Boer War. Agatha would later guarantee that her dads passing, happening when she was 11 years of age, denoted the finish of her youth for her. In 1902, Agatha would be sent to get proper training at Miss Guyers Girls School in Torquay, yet thought that it was hard to change in accordance with the restrained environment. In 1905 she was then sent to the city of Paris, France, where she was taught in three benefits Mademoiselle Cabernets, Les Marroniers and afterward Miss Drydens the last of which served essentially as a completing school. Early scholarly endeavors and the First World War: 1910-1919 Returning to England in 1910, Agatha discovered her mom Clara sick. They holidayed in the hotter atmosphere of Cairo in Egypt, at that point a well known visitor goal for affluent Britons. Remaining for a quarter of a year at the Gezirah Palace Hotel, Agatha consistently escorted by her mom went to numerous social capacities looking for a spouse. In spite of the fact that meeting such reat enthusiasm for antiquarianism and Egyptology conspicuous in her later years. Coming back to Britain, she proceeded with her social exercises looking for a spouse. Composing and acting in beginner showy behavior, she helped put on a performance called The Blue Beard of Unhappiness with female companions. Her composing reached out to both verse and music. Some early works saw distribution, yet she ruled against concentrating on both of these as future callings. While recouping in bed from ailment, she wrote her first short story The House of Beauty, around 6000 words on the universe of frenzy and dreams, a subject of interest. Later biographer Janet Morgan remarked that in spite of infelicities of style, the story was in any case convincing. Different shorts followed, most represented her enthusiasm for mysticism and the paranormal, including The Call of Wings and The Little Lonely God. Under aliases, magazines dismissed all her initial entries, albeit overhauled and distributed later, some under new titles. Christie at that point set her first novel, Snow Upon the Desert, in Cairo, and drew from her ongoing encounters in the city. Under the nom de plume, she was irritated when different distributers all declined. Clara recommended that her little girl request guidance from a family companion and neighbor, the effective author Eden Philpotts. Philpotts obliged her enquiry, supported her composition, and sent her a prologue to his artistic specialist, Hughes Massie. In any case, he too dismissed Snow Upon the Desert, and recommended a subsequent novel. In the interim, Christie kept scanning for a spouse, and had gone into fleeting associations with four separate men, one commitment, before meeting Archibald Archie Christie at a party given by Lord and Lady Clifford of Chudleigh, about from Torquay. Archie had been conceived in India, the child of a Judge in the Indian Civil Service. In England he Joined the air administration, positioned at Devon in 1912. The couple immediately experienced passionate feelings for. After learning he would be positioned in Farnborough, Archie proposed marriage, and she acknowledged. 914 saw the flare-up of World War I, and Archie was sent to France to fight the German powers. Agatha likewise included herself in the war exertion, Joining the Voluntary Aid Detachment and taking care of injured fighters at the emergency clinic in Torquay. In this position, she was liable for supporting the specialists nd looking afte r assurance, performing 3,400 hours of unpaid work between October 1914 and December 1916. As an allocator, she at last earned E16 yearly until the finish of her administration in September 1918. She met her fianc?â © Archie, in London during his leave toward the finish of 1914, and they wedded on the evening of Christmas Eve. They met all through the war each time that he was posted home. Ascending through the positions, he was in the long run positioned back to Britain in September 1918 as a colonel in the Air Ministry. They sunk into a level at 5 Northwick Terrace in St. Johns Wood, Northwest London. First books: 1919-1923 Christie had for some time been an enthusiast of analyst books, having delighted in Wilkie Collins The Woman dressed in White and The Moonstone just as Sir Arthur Conan Doyles early Sherlo

Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium

Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium Advancement sets aside an exceptionally long effort to get noticeable. A great many ages can travel every which way before any adjustments in an animal categories are watched. There is some discussion in mainstream researchers concerning how rapidly development happens. The two for the most part acknowledged thoughts for paces of advancement are called gradualism and punctuated balance. Gradualism In view of topography and the discoveries of James Hutton and Charles Lyell, gradualism expresses that enormous changes are really the summit exceptionally little switches that development after some time. Researchers have discovered proof of gradualism inâ geologic forms, which the Prince Edward Island Department of educationâ describes as the ...forms at work in the earths landforms and surfaces. The systems in question, enduring, disintegration, and plate tectonics, consolidate forms that are in certain regards damaging and in others helpful. Geologic procedures are long, slow changes that happen more than thousands or even a great many years. At the point when Charles Darwin initially started detailing his hypothesis of development, he embraced this thought. The fossil record is proof that underpins this view. There are numerous transitional fossils that show auxiliary adjustments of species as they change into new species. Defenders of gradualism state that the geologic time scale helps show how species have changed over the various periods since life started on Earth. Punctuated Equilibrium Punctuated harmony, on the other hand, depends on the possibility that since you can't see changes in an animal varieties, there must be significant stretches when no progressions happen. Punctuated harmony states that development happens in short blasts followed significant stretches of equilibrium. Put another way, extensive stretches of balance (no change) are punctuated by brief times of quick change. Advocates of punctuated harmony included such researchers as William Bateson, a solid rival of Darwins views,â who contended that species don't advance continuously. This camp of researchers accepts that change happens quickly with extensive stretches of solidness and no change in the middle. For the most part, the main thrust of advancement is a type of progress in the condition that requires a requirement for fast change, they contend. Fossils Key to Both Views For some odd reason, researchers in the two camps refer to the fossil record as proof to help their perspectives. Defenders of punctuated harmony call attention to that there are manyâ missing linksâ in the fossil record. On the off chance that gradualism is the right model for the pace of advancement, they contend, there ought to be fossil records that show proof of moderate, steady change. Those connections never truly existed, in the first place, say the advocates of punctuated harmony, so evacuates the issue of missing connections in development. Darwin additionally highlighted fossil proof that indicated slight changes in the body structure of the species after some time, frequently driving toâ vestigial structures. Obviously, the fossil record is deficient, prompting the issue of the missing connections. Right now, neither one of the hypotheses is viewed as progressively exact. More proof will be required before gradualism or punctuated harmony is pronounced the real system for the pace of advancement.

Identify and explain the historical significance of Benjamin Rush, Research Paper - 1

Distinguish and clarify the authentic hugeness of Benjamin Rush, especially as he identifies with the change of the clinical calling in early America - Research Paper Example As of now he was under Rodman he gone to numerous talks which later helped him in his future life. He later started wandering into governmental issues however not his own profession. In the entirety of his training life he was been accommodated by his mom since his dad kicked the bucket when he was six years old. He grew up as a tough man who later did incredible things which even to date is serving the entire world. He was actually a man to be glad for. He kept in touch with certain books and he was all around associated with he composed the primary science book in America. 2Benjamin Rush came back to Philadelphia from Europe in 1769 and he started rehearsing medication when he returned home. It was as of now that Philadelphia had started entering a progressive period which at last assumed a key job in the American Revolution. This city was well off and it had numerous assets and furthermore a high populace. At twenty three years he was chosen as an educator of Chemistry in Philadelphia College. This was only one year after he had originated from Europe. He is the person who made the name of this school change to what is at present alluded as ‘medical school of the University of Philadelphia.’ This man contributed incredibly to mental medication and physical medication. He was keen on creatures and this made him to do a few commitments that are even significant in the present society. Phlebotomy was the principle clinical practice that Rush was related with during his vocation. This strategy had been utilized since long by doctors yet this time Rush was doing it with more upgrades. He utilized it broadly during the yellow fever pestilence of 1793 which was making lives of numerous to be in peril in Philadelphia. This malady broke out in Water Street in a similar town. As per Rush he accepted that sicknesses and especially yellow fever were brought about by exorbitant collection of toxin in the body of an individual which was poisonous to the body and influenced the little veins. In his treatment in this way he planned for expelling the toxin and let the

Special Duty to Protect the Mission Premises from Intrusion - 4125 Words

The Receiving State is Under a Special Duty to Protect the Mission Premises from Intrusion or Damage or Impairment of its Dignity (Essay Sample) Content: The receiving state is under a special duty to protect the mission premises from intrusion or damage or impairment of its dignityNameCourseDateIntroductionA receiving state is one that hosts diplomatic missions sent by their respective countries or by international nongovernmental organizations such as the United Nations to serve a certain purpose. When these diplomatic missions arrive at the host country, there are several laws that have been put in place that govern how they are handled and treated during the entire time of their assignment. In most cases, diplomatic missions will put up in the capital cities of the host countries. These are referred to as resident missions. There is a different group that may not necessarily have been permanently situated in the host countries and are referred to as non-resident missions. Using these definitions, this paper analyses the responsibility of the receiving state towards the missions, such as protecting their premises fr om intrusions or damage or any activities and occurrences that may strip them of or impair their dignity.[Nierop, Tom.Systems and regions in Global politics: An empirical Study of diplomacy, international organization and trade 1950-1991. John Wiley Sons Incorporated, 1994.] Diplomatic MissionsIn order to better analyze the question, it is essential to first completely understand diplomatic missions, their roles in the receiving states and al that pertains to their existence within these countries. Generally, the role of diplomatic missions in the receiving state is to represent the sending state in the former. They are also tasked with protecting the interests of the sending states in the countries that they are sent to. They are also supposed to protect and look out for the welfare of the national of the sending state who are residents of the receiving sates, although this comes with the requirement that it be done within the boundaries of the international law, which will be dis cussed further later in this paper.[Deak, Francis. "Immunity of a Foreign Mission's Premises From Local Jurisdiction."The American Journal of International Law23, no. 3 (1929): 582-594.] Diplomatic missions are also tasked with maintaining good relations between the sending and receiving states, which sometimes may call for negotiations between the two parties. They also look out for any developments in the receiving states and report them to the sending state. They are also to take part in any other activities that will bring good relations and developments of the sending state without harm to the receiving state.Diplomatic missions put up in offices located in the capital cities of the receiving states. These premises are often referred to as embassies, except in cases where the sending and receiving states are both members of the commonwealth, in which case the premises are called High Commissions. The reason is that there are certain special relationships that exist between them that may not be enjoyed by those that are not members. For example, members of commonwealth are supposed to look after and protect one another. A commonwealth member would be expected to look out for citizens of other member countries when they do not have offices in the receiving states.There are times where one city may host more than one embassy from the same country or from the same organizations. A good example of this is the United Nations in many countries. In Kenya, the United Nations has its High Commission based in Nairobi. However, there are also premises within the same city that belong to branch organs of the united nations such as the United Nations high commission for refugees. The same case is in Rome where the UN has offices both in Italy and in the Holy See which has located inside Rome. In such instances, the two are under no obligation to occupy one premise. They thus have different premises and are headed by different ambassadors.There are times that certain co untries may have offices within a receiving state but are not recognized. These are countries whose situation was not stipulated in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and at times they may not have made any claim to them being sovereign states. In these instances they may serve some of the functions of diplomatic missions such as looking out for the welfare and interests of their citizens. It is important to note that they are thus not seen as diplomatic missions and their members are not accorded diplomat visas. There are certain privileges that they may however enjoy that may be similar to those accorded diplomatic missions. All the rules and regulations that govern receiving and sending states in the issue of diplomatic missions are given in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.Vienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsThis is an international treaty that was signed in the year 1961 and gives the structure regarding how diplomatic relations are supposed to take place between independent countries. The document outlines and explains the privileges of diplomatic missions while they are in the receiving countries that enable them carry out their work effectively without fear of intimidation, interruption and coercion by the receiving countries. The rules given in the document are used as the general guideline for all the participating countries, which as of 2014 were 190.The document contains a total of 53 articles, but for the sake of this paper, only three are relevant. They are as follows (as documented in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations). * Article 22: The premises of a diplomatic mission, such as an embassy, are inviolate and must not be entered by the host country except by permission of the head of the mission. Furthermore, the host country must protect the mission from intrusion or damage. The host country must never search the premises, nor seize its documents or property. Article 30 extends this provision to the priva te residence of the diplomats.["Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations".United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations.] * Article 30 (1): The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy the same inviolability and protection as the premises of the mission.["Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations".Audiovisual Library of International Law. United Nations.] * Article 45 which gives guideline on the course of action in the event that relations between two member countries ceases to exist. It states that the receiving country is expected to still respect the property of the sending country, which included its premises. The sending country may also, upon its wish, entrust its property, including premise, to a third country of its choice.These are just some of the immunities that are enjoyed by diplomats and their families while they are in the host country. It is however important to note that the same document says that while diplomat premises are protected as such, the y too should ensure that the premises are used only for the purpose for which they are intended.Article 22This is the article that talks about the protection that is given to the protection that the receiving country should give to the premises of the diplomatic mission. There are two important points that are contained in this article. The first one is that the receiving country is not supposed to enter these premises, without express permission from the head of the embassy. Entering may be for many reasons, among them searching for any illegal activities, documents, persons and so forth. The second one is that the sending country should do all that is within its power to protect these premises and ensure that the diplomats are safe and comfortable enough to effectively carry out the functions for which they were sent to these countries.[This rule was previously to protect the head of the mission only, but was later expanded to protect the entire premise. Details of this are availa ble in the Yearbook of the International Law Commission. Vol. II. New York: United Nations 1958, p. 95.] [Denza, Eileen.Diplomatic Law 4E: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Oxford University Press, 2015.] Being a very serious and important part of the document, there are no exceptions given to the rule about prohibition of host entering the embassies. This therefore means that they are not to enter even when the actions they would carry out in there would be of the benefit of the diplomats. For example, if a fire was to erupt within the premises, the fire fighters can only enter to stop it after obtaining permission from the head of the mission. Initially, the document was to allow for the host country to enter mission premises in cases of extreme emergencies such as protection of lives. However, it was later left out since it would have given a chance for breaking of the original rule. It would have also brought complication since the term extreme emergen cies' would have had to be defined in full. If they the police were chasing a criminal of some sort and he entered the premises, the pursuit would end at that point until permission is sort for them to continue. The host is even not allowed to enter these premises when they suspect that there may be illegal activities taking place in the premise.[This is further discussed in Yearbook of the International Law Commission. Vol. I. New York: United Nations 1957, p. 56] [Article 41 (3) prohibits using the premises for any other functions that are not availed in the convention document, are not allowed according to the international law and are not in any agreement between the two countries in question.] When this law was put in place, the main reason was so that the diplomats feel safe enough to carry out their functions. However, on some o...

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms And Symptoms Essay - 1384 Words

Bipolar disorder is simply defined as a manic depressive illness, which affects a persons mood and energy. However, the way it affects a person’s mood is dramatic and severe. These are severe moods are called episodes of mania and depression, which means a person who suffers from bipolar disorder might be extremely excited and happy one day, and extremely depressed the next day. In some cases, depressive or manic episodes last weeks, and in some cases these episodes last days. People who suffer from bipolar disorder might experience depressed and hopeless moods and feel worthless. They might experience no pleasure in life, whatsoever, and there is a potential for people who suffer from bipolar disorder to suffer from either insomnia or a consistent excessive amount of sleep. Of course, a common symptom of bipolar disorder is also reoccurring thoughts of suicide. History The history of bipolar disorder dates back to ancient times, with Hippocrates formulating the first classification of mental disorders. He realized that there are different kinds of mental disorders, all involving melancholia, mania, paranoia or hysteria. Of course, this was before modern medicine and science, but a man named Ewald Hecker was one of the first people to officially describe bipolar disorder in a way that could be explained rather scientifically. He realized the potential of people having serious mood-swings, in dramatic and abnormal ways, and did an experiment involving 86 patients who hadShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder706 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is characterized by changes in mood. It can lead to risky behavior, damage relationships and careers, and even suicidal outcomes if it’s not treated. 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Furthermore, due to the extreme mood swings and emotionalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pages1 HelenKeller541 Physiology October 26, 2016 Abstract: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder; also referred to as manic depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, 2013). Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder with manic episodes, it is placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostics in terms of symptomology, family historyRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1493 Words   |  6 PagesRorman Ms. Chrisman English 10 30 November 2016 Bipolar Disorder If people don’t get enough sleep and miss a meeting, they are just upset, but for people with bipolar disorder, it can trigger another episode to their week. Bipolar Disorder is a brain disorder that can cause shifts in people s mood that are more unusual. Signs and symptoms can be different depending on if the person has manic or depressive episodes. A person with the disorder can also give their family and friends struggles, asideRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1390 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch of bipolar disorder will not only describe in detail the symptoms and affects of this mood disorder, but it will also include the advantages, disadvantages of the treatment and medications, and the major role that medications take. Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood (mania), alternating with episodes of depression (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). The â€Å"mood swings† of mania and depression are very sudden and can happen at anytime any place. Bipolar disorder is categorizedRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorders, also known as manic depression, are mental disorders characterized by shifting moods between depression and mania (Bressert, 2016). Those with a bipolar disorder, have extreme emotional states called mood periods. In the United States, more than 10 million people have bipolar disorder (Kennedy, 2015). It is lifelong, but can be treated. Although it can easily be treated, once patients choose to stop taking their medication their symptoms worsen. Around 15 percentRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1285 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder This paper will contain information on what bipolar disorder in early and late adolescence is, causes and symptoms, medical along with therapeutic interventions and how important it really is to get treatment. 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Essay on Rene Magritte Illusions Masking Reality

In the fallout of the first Great War, which had plagued European society for four long and brutal years, many were left to question the purpose of their existences. Stemming from the monstrously large number of casualties during the war, the mood left those whom survived to wonder how reason and logic could have started the conflict. For many people, a sense of alienation was stirred up who found the possibility of rejoining a society, which had not only allowed but prolonged such a catastrophe, to difficult. As society was adapting from war, so too were the artists and their respective movements. One such movement formed during the tumultuous years was reacting to the heighten fears of war called Dada. It is from the Dadaist movement in†¦show more content†¦In which he painted a white veil into his work, symbolic, perhaps, of the garment his mother was found in. While a teenager he was enrolled in Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts in Brussels until he found work drawing advertise ments for a wallpaper factory. By 1927 he moved to the epicenter of fine arts in Paris. There he was acquainted with the emerging movement of surrealism led by the writer, Andre Breton. After three years he returned to Brussels where he would remain until his death in 1967. According to some, Magritte lived a quiet, humble life never wishing to attract large amounts attention towards himself he tended to live unremarkably. In the developing stage of surrealism, two diametric schools of thought were beginning to form. The first, based heavily in a literary style called automatism, which held the ideas of creation free from the control of the mind. In this direction, abstraction of ordinary objects and the ideas of chance dominated. Among those whom clung to this style were Max Ernst and Andre Masson. This style thus became known as abstract surrealism. Oppositely, artists such as Salvador Dali, Yves Tanguy, and Rene Magritte would focus their art on the principles of non-sequitur and juxtapositions of ordinary objects. As well, their art took on a dreamlike quality, based in the psychoanalytical philosophy of the unconscious. Many of the surrealists found the work done by Sigmund Freud incredibly influential, especially Freud’s study

Baxter Accounting Evidence Interpretation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Baxter Accounting Evidence Interpretation? Answer: Introducation Moving machinery to new site incurs cost and the issue in this regard is whether this cost is deducted or not , this issue falls under section 8-1 of ITAA 1997. Another law section can also be used in this case which is British Insulated Helsby Cables. Moving machinery to a new site involves incorporation of cost thus depreciation process incurs cost. This cost is not allowed as acceptable deduction according to law section 8-1 of the Income tax assessment act 1997. The main reason of not accepting this deduction is , this cost is incurred while carrying out business operations and thus it is regarded as business expense. This is the case under law section 8-1 of ITAA 1997. Now the second law section which is applicable in this case is the British Insulated Helsby Cables. According to this law the cost that is imposed due to movement of machinery from one place to another is a transport cost but this cost is regarded as a cost that is bared for reaping benefit and this is done by d epreciating assets which is a business related activity. In agreement with Taxation rule of TD 93/126 , setting machinery for the purpose of business is the incidence of cost which is treated as revenue. Thus it can be concluded that no form of acceptable deductions will be legalized under law section 8-1 of ITTA 1997. Revaluation of capital that affects cover of insurance is considered as acceptable deduction under law section 8-1 of ITTA 1997, this issue evolved in this case. Situation here shows that spending have connection with the fixed asset, thus while determining the deduction it is essential to find whether expenses that is incurred while revaluating revenue production holds while shielding the asset. Now while shielding the assets provides benefit then it will be considered as acceptable deduction under section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Conclusion that can drawn from here shows that cost that leads to insurance cover is considered as acceptable deductions because this cost will recur and hence allowed as acceptable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Here the case shows whether the legal expenses that company bear for the petition for winding up will be considered as deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The taxation ruling of ID 2004/367 that is applicable in this case shows that officially approved cost will be considered for deductions if the cost is incurred while doing the business operations. Case of FC of T v Snowden and Wilson Pty Ltd(1958) is also applicable here which shows that costs that are not usually incurred will become compulsory that taxpayer should start taking legal actions because no condition can prevent the cost to be eligible as deductible expenditure. Conclusion here that can drawn is the cost that is incurred while opposing the petition of winding up will be not be considered as acceptable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. This shows that whether or not the legal expenditure that is incurred while enjoying services of legal representative with regard to the business operations of the clients will be allowed as acceptable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Application of Law shows when a legal expense is incurred while carrying out business operations is considered revenue and thus it will be treated as acceptable deductions. Though, exception is present, which shows that expenses incurred accepted as capital, domestic and private in character if the same is primarily incurred in producing the exempt and non-chargeable non-exempt proceeds. Thus legal expenditure incurred while carrying out business operations and that produce the taxable income should be treated as acceptable deductions in reference to section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Issue here is the position of Big Bank which is considered for evaluating the input tax credit with respect to the advertising expenditure that is incurred under law section GSTR Act 1999. Thus laws that are applicable in this issue are GST Act 1999, Goods and Service taxation ruling of GSTR 2006/3 and Ronpibon Tin NL v. FC of T. Goods and Service tax law of GSTR 2006/3 provides methods that can be implemented to find the input tax credit in accordance with administration for change that is followed by financial suppliers under the new system of tax GST Act 1999. Recent situation of Big Bank shows that, it has incurred an expense which is included GST. Thus Big Bank Ltd follows law under the section GSTR 2006/3 because the company recognized appropriate for input tax credit. According to the law if an entity is registered or need to obtain registration, GST shall be billed for creation of taxable supplies. The outline under GST law shows that an entity or an individual is needed to claim input tax credit for the GST inclusive supplies that is acquired or import for the entity. Case of Ronpibon Tin NL v. FC of T is applied in analysing the law of GST[1]. This considers pressure in which the method of distribution adopted must sensible in such a situation of the particular enterprise. Requirements of paragraphs 11-5 and 15-5 (a) for an acquisition to meet the criteria as creditable, the acquisition must be for creditable purpose[2]. In case the acquisition is partly for creditable use then it is crucial to determine the degree of the creditable use. Now the subsection 15-25 shows that import shall be viewed as creditable if it is kept creditable use. Now section 11-15 or 15-10 an acquisition eligible to be creditable if an entity makes the supplies for the use of claiming input tax credit. It is worth mentioning that advertising expense incurred by Big Bank Ltd was for the use of creditable acquisition.Conclusion here thus shows that Big Bank Ltd will be entitled to claim input tax credit in regard to the GSTR 2006/13 for the amount that is incurred due to a dvertising expenses for the use of the creditable acquisition. References: "Legal Database".Ato.gov.au, 2017. Online. Internet. 8 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=GST/GSTR20063/NAT/ATO/00001 Treasury, A. and Baxter, H., Accounting evidence.interpretation,89, p.95. [1] Treasury, A. and Baxter, H., Accounting evidence.interpretation,89, p.95. [2] "Legal Database".Ato.gov.au, 2017. Online. Internet. 8 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=GST/GSTR20063/NAT/ATO/00001.

The Knife Essay Example For Students

The Knife Essay Word Count: 712By: Alfred HitchcockEverybody has read a horror story before at some point, but a story from Alfred Hitchcock is different because at the end he leaves the reader thinking what has happened. In The Knife he uses Plot, Setting, and Conflict to do just this. Edward Dawes and Herbert Smithers are just two friends having a drink with eachother, but one of them has a knife that was found in a nearby sewer drain. Herbert is cleaning it widly as if he was possesed. Then a red ruby appears on the knife when he is done cleaning it, now the madness breaksout like a terrible plague.. While Herbert is admiring the knife, the maid walks in and asks to see the knife,but all of a sudden Herbert goes insane out of his mind when the maid touched him, then he stares right at the maid with a devilish look, and out of the blue he stabbed her, next thing you know the maid is on the floor dead and Herbert runs out the house as fast as he can. The reader may think this is the climax, but it is not, it is the rising action leading up to the climax. Alfred Hitchcock does not tell the reader why he stabbed her,he likes to leaving the reader thinking and get more into the story, which is kind of like ahook to keep the reader reading. We will write a custom essay on The Knife specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The climax is where he will get the readers interested more in the story. AfterHerbert runs out Edward Dawes picks up the knife and notifys the police of the incident. once he has called the police for some reason he goes into the kitchen to clean the wicked knife. While he is cleaning it, it slips out of his hand and cuts his arm, then hiswife walks in and trys to help him, then Edward goes bezerk just like his friend Herbertand for no reason stabbs her in her chest. The falling action and conclusion get a little weird because the police get to the scene, and they start discussing about this, but the sergeant remembers a murder on the same street a while back, and the person that was murdered on this street was Marie Kelly, the last victim of Jack The Ripper. When Jack The Ripper was getting away he dropped the knife into a sewer drain. Both men say it was the knife that made them stabbthe two women. All of Jack The Rippers victims were women. This how the story ends. He picked up the knife, gripped if firmly, and struck a pose, winking broadly. Be careful, Miss Maples! he said. Jack The Ripper! Miss Maples giggled. Well now, she breathed. Let me look at it, may I Sergeant Tobins, if you do notmind.Her fingers touched his, and Sergeant Tobins drew his hand back abruptly. Hisface flushed, and a fierce anger unnacountably flared up in him at the touch of Miss Miss Maples hand, but as he stared into her plain, bewildered face, the anger was soothed by the pleasurable tingling warmth in his right wrist. And as he took a swiftstep toward her, there was a strange, sweet singing in his ears, high and shrill and faraway. Or was it the sound of a woman screaming? Thats the end of the story and thats how Alfred Hitchcock leaves his readers. The setting physically is in a house in the in the evening. Two men and two women, one a wife of one of the men, and the other the maid. The mood is not that frightening especially for a horror story. Here is one quote, The wind blew calmly thatevening while we were inside having some drinks and talking.But the mood starts to get tense and rapid when women starting getting killed because of the knife. .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .postImageUrl , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:hover , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:visited , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:active { border:0!important; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:active , .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7 .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0b4509d976139bbe82e0791e00716e7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pro abortion EssayIn The Knife the conflict was between men vs. women, or upon the readers decision it could be knife vs. women because all of the women that were killed, were killed everytime they touced the man holding the horrible knife which gave the men bloodlust. All of the women killed were all killed by a different man, but all with the same knife.

Puritain Mission essays

Puritain Mission essays Some Puritans, disenchanted with the Anglican Church, and persecuted in England for their religious beliefs, decided to move to the New World, and have their own colony. Led by John Winthrop, their mission was to create what he called a city upon a hill. This would be a Godly community, demonstrating a life of piety and community, and would serve as an example for Puritans everywhere. Although the colony itself ultimately thrived, the Puritan mission, as originally stated was not overly successful. There were many factors that led to Puritan Declension the belief that they did indeed stray from their mission. When John Winthrop prepared to lead the first group of Puritans to the New World in 1629, he wrote a document that listed several reasons why he was going, and also why others should follow. He declared that the New World was a place provided by God, and it would serve as a refuge for many, and that England had become a land that had grown weary of her inhabitants. He also spoke of English society having grown to heights of intemperance, and that living in that society made it almost impossible for a good and upright man to ... live comfortably there. He refers to the land in the New World as being as good or better in quality, and certainly more plentiful in quantity compared to what is currently available in England. He ends his document by saying that if someone in England is godly, and living in wealth in prosperity, and then in turn gives that up to join them, they would serve as excellent examples for others, and would encourage them to join the more willingly in it. Alt hough Winthrop was sincere in his belief of what he wrote about, and the writing serves as an excellent framework of the reasons why he and other Puritans wanted to go to the New World, it could also be colloquially referred to as a ...

Boss Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boss - Personal Statement Example Although management and leadership are not utterly different, the two concepts may not be the same either. There are many ways in which management differs from leadership, especially when looking at the differences from leadership skills and management skills. Leadership emphasizes more on vision of the project than implementation. On the contrary, management entirely focuses on implementation and vision is second guessed. Further, leadership takes a keen interest in situation dynamics; these dynamics provides the leadership with hints on the right action to take. Leadership makes attempts that alter the culture in order to attain the best results that benefit the majority. On the contrary, management focuses on techniques and it does not advocate for changes. Rather, management strives to maintain the status quo and order in an organization, as well adapt to the traditions. Furthermore, leadership focuses on risk taking and positive possibilities while management worries so much of the negative consequences, which might result from an action. Finally, leadership aims to rebuild and reshape an organization to ensure that the organization moves towards the vision and objectives. It does this through the employment of persuasion skills, as well as possibility ideas. These actions do not take any consideration of the position of the organization. On the other hand, management focuses on achieving the prescribed organization and it adopts attitudes and behavior according to position or level. Management does not disclose information and knowledge to workers; they fear that their own position might be compromised by information leakage. There are many characteristics of good leaders, which can take time and space to discuss. However, the scope of this paper does not allow me to discuss the entire characteristics that good leaders should have. Therefore, I will discuss a few key qualities, which describes a good leader. Good leaders are

Federal Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Government - Essay Example After the great depression, however, when people were starved and had lost most of their properties, people believed that the Federal Government through its structures ought to provide necessities to its population. In as much as the then leadership under Roosevelt focused on fighting the great depression, and heeded the cry of various organized corporations and labor unions, the belief among the citizens was that such strategies were aimed at assisting bankers, large farmers and employees who belonged to certain unions. In a rather unfamiliar manner, even those who had been benevolent supporters of the strategy rebelled including Huey Long, who was the then senator for Louisiana. Such moves prompted the government to take charge of certain responsibilities including creating a social security fund project for the elderly and compensating workers who lost their jobs. Amidst all the challenges that existed nevertheless, the United States did not refuse to believe. And in as much as some of their recovery strategies stalled, the nation adopted mechanisms that has made it become a model nation to the whole

Transition From Authoritian Rule In Argentina Essay Example for Free

Transition From Authoritian Rule In Argentina Essay The transition of governments between various systems of rule is an on-going and never-ending process.   Every geopolitical entity in the world is under some form of government, be it barbarian or advanced, and no two governmental systems function in exactly the same way.    The system of government used in a certain area, territory or country is highly dependant upon the experience of those governed with the systems of governments in place in the past.   Because of the unique occurrences in history, no two entities will experience periods of transition between various forms of government in exactly the same way. Even those countries that are geographically close and share similar histories will experience differing periods of transition.   Although great differences exist, however, many similarities can also be drawn between nations that are seemingly worlds apart.   After World War II, both Argentina and Brazil experienced periods of authoritarian rule.   Both nations came under authoritarian rule and later evolved from authoritarian rule in differing manners.   Therefore, through the practice of drawing contrasts and comparisons, it becomes apparent in what ways the current practice of democracy in Brazil and Argentina is different because of each country’s former experience with authoritarian rule. Introduction Although close geographically, Argentina and Brazil experienced vastly different evolutions in their form of governance in the period following World War II.   Because the similarity in the governmental history of Argentina and Brazil lies in their shared experience of authoritarian rule, it is important, first, to understand the ramifications of that form of government.   The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines the term â€Å"authoritarian† by describing it as â€Å"of, relating to, or favoring a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people†.   (Merriam-Webster, 2007)   To interpret this definition within the bounds of the research question at hand, it is important to draw out two portions of that definition. First, consider the phrase â€Å"concentration of power†.   Unlike decentralized power that spreads rule amongst many, authoritarian rule places all power squarely upon the minority in power.   Next, the key phrase most important in defining â€Å"authoritarian† is that the concentrated power is held by â€Å"a leader or an elite†.   Again, this is the minority that holds a majority of the power.   Finally, consider the phrase that authoritarian rule is â€Å"not constitutionally responsible to the people†.   This could indicate that the government is not duly elected by the people through a constitutionally-defined format, or that once elected, there are no checks and balances by which a full accounting of activities can be demanded by the people. To further fully explore both similarities and differences in the affect of authoritarian rule on later rule, it is important to define the difference between democratization of a nation and liberalization of a nation, because both political processes affect populations in a vastly different manner.   According to Wikipedia, democratization â€Å"is the transition from an authoritarian or a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system†.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   In contrast, liberalization â€Å"refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) It is possible, therefore, for democratization and liberalization to work hand in hand as a geopolitical entity transitions its form of government away from authoritarian rule, but it is not necessarily true that one requires the other.   For example, a country can simply relax its set governmental activities without actual changing its form of rule. Authors Guillermo ODonnell and Philippe C. Schmitter state in their work entitled â€Å"Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies† that â€Å"liberalization can exist without democratization†.   (O’Donnell Schmitter, 10)   But while liberalization does not necessarily need democratization, the authors go on to state that â€Å"in all experiences examined, the attainment of political democracy was preceded by a significant, if unsteady, liberalization†.   (O’Donnell Schmitter, 10)   Therefore, the true difference between liberalization and democratization must consider the influence one has upon the other. To understand the state of politics in South America today, one must first understand the basis from which it has evolved, and then its process for evolution.   This paper will first examine the varying forms of governance in Argentina and Brazil prior to authoritarian rule.   Next this paper will study how authoritarian rule came into being in Argentina and Brazil.   Further, this paper will explore how authoritarian rule in Argentina and Brazil gave way to other forms of governance.   And finally, the present-day political climate will be examined in both Argentina and Brazil, in light of the history from which both countries have evolved. Argentina vs. Brazil: Governance Prior to Authoritarian Rule   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina and Brazil became independent nations in 1816 and 1822 respectively.   During this similar time period, Argentina separated from Spanish rule, while Brazil broke from the rule of the Portuguese.   Both countries, according to the CIA World Factbook, were both heavily influenced by European powers, both at their period of separation and to the present day.    In South America, Brazil is the largest nation, and currently the most populous.   Argentina’s political and societal history was largely shaped by Italian and Spanish immigrants that continued to stream in until the 1930s.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   The forms of government employed by Argentina and Brazil differed, however, after each nation was granted its independence and before the institution of authoritarian rule.   Both nations separated from countries with forms of government far different than they, themselves, would adopt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author David Rock, in his work entitled Argentina in the Twentieth Century, explains that â€Å"the period between 1890 and 1930 in Argentina marked the rise to a position of national dominance of one of Argentinas leading political parties, the Unià ³n Cà ­vica Radical, or Radicalism†.   (Rock, 66)   Conservative rule in Argentina gave way to the rule of the Radical party in 1916, and it is that party that ruled until being overthrown in favor of an authoritarian government in 1930.    Rock states that â€Å"At one time it was thought simply that Radicalism was the political vehicle for the Argentine middle classes. However, more recently it has been shown that the partys origins are to be traced to a coalition between the middle classes and segments of the land-based elite†.   (Rock, 67)   A coalition between the middle classes thought to be the backbone of the Radical Party and the â€Å"land-based elite† is significant, because it was the â€Å"land-based elite† that were in rule as a conservative power both before the Radical party took control in 1916 and after it was overthrown in 1930.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite an apparent coalition between dissimilar factions, the CIA World Factbook reports that â€Å"up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentinas history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions†.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   This conflict refers both to the transfers of power in 1916 and 1930 as well as the strife that continued in the intervening period of fourteen years.   While the Radical party was in power, Argentina enjoyed a policy of free trade, allowing a strong exporting economy to develop and aiding in the financial development of the country. The tie between the middle-class bases and the â€Å"land-based elite† can be illustrated even in this policy of free trade, as Rock states that â€Å"this system was undermined by the inherent tendency of the primary export economy to concentrate economic power and opportunities narrowly in the hands of the landed groups and foreign capital†.   (Rock, 68)   Despite progress made in the advancement of the interests of Brazil during the period prior to 1930, the overall stability of the Radical party’s governance was shaky at best, and laid the ground work for transition to authoritarianism in 1930.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brazil employed a more representative form of government earlier on than Argentina, when a republic was established in 1889.   The republic of Brazil, formally named the Republic of the United States of Brazil by the constitution drafted and enacted in 1891, was lead by a constitutionally democratic government that employed a twist – unlike a traditional democracy, such as the United States, the original leaders during this period of time in Brazil were not elected popularly. Instead, power was seized during a coup d’etat and leaders were appointed.   Wikipedia develops the important point that during this period of time, the government of Brazil decentralized and â€Å"restored autonomy to the provinces†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) The major challenge to the ruling party of Brazil prior to 1930 was one of legitimacy: â€Å"how could an illegal, treasonous act (the coup d’etat) establish a legal political order?†Ã‚   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Unlike in Argentina, where a disparity between the â€Å"land-based elite† and those without land led to the government’s eventual overthrow, Brazil’s future can be seen by the fact that the rise of the Republic also led to the strengthening of the state-sponsored Army – the same Army that would precipitate the turn to authoritarian rule in the 1930s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although a Republic, albeit with initial leaders installed instead of elected, future Brazilian elections did not enjoy the popular support of the people as was seen elsewhere, notably Argentina.   As the road was traveled towards authoritarian rule, â€Å"throughout the 1920s, only between 2.3% and 3.4% of the total population voted.†Ã‚   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Hardly, then, a representative government, Brazil continued to struggle with the question of the legitimacy of its republic.   With that low participation recorded, any decisions made by the government feel to criticism and skepticism.   Although this question of legitimacy would ultimately hurt the concept of a constitutional democracy during that period of time, the Army continued to strengthen with its power checked only nominally by the government and the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina and Brazil share similarities and differences in their history prior to the 1930s.   One notably similarity is the continued instability of government that ensued during the period prior to the transition to authoritarian rule.   This is tempered, however, by differing causes for instability; notably dissention between the ruling party and the landed, in Argentina, and the ruling part and military factions, in Brazil.   Like Argentina, Brazil enjoyed wealth through exportation during the period prior to 1930.   Unlike Argentina, however, Brazil failed to account for the agricultural needs of its own countrymen before exportation, and thus was forced to import many products.   These factors all lead to the laying of the path to authoritarianism.    Argentina vs. Brazil: How Authoritarian Governments Came into Power One of the leading exportation products of Brazil prior to 1930 was coffee.   After the crash of the American stock market in 1929, the Great Depression experienced in North American had a trickle-down affect on the economies of South America.   The prices paid for coffee, and thus the revenue gained from the exportation of coffee, was slashed by one third initially and later by two thirds.   With such a gross decline in profitability, the exportation economy as a whole was affected.   Any money held in reserve by the government to equalize pricing was tapped and emptied.   And thus, the country of Brazil was ripe for revolution.   (Wikipedia, 2007) Revolution came in 1930 when Getulio Dornelles Vargas came to power in a legitimate election gained through strategic alliances throughout Brazil.   A non-bloody revolution, the changeover was simply one of ideologies.   Vargas’ rule was to be one interim in nature – during his fifteen years in power, his rule gradually became less open and more repressive.   Wikipedia characterizes this change in his pattern of rule as â€Å"‘a legal hybrid’ between the regimes of Mussolinis Italy and Salazars Portuguese Estado Nà ´vo, copied repressive fascist tactics, and conveyed their same rejection of liberal capitalism, but attained power baring few indications of his future quasi-fascist polices†.   (Wikipedia, 2007}   While in power, Vargas thoroughly rejected the values of Communism – they were in direct contrast with his support of the landed elite – and instead espoused the fascist notions that would help to lock in and retain the power he had grown as the leader of Brazil. The decentralization that had occurred in Brazil before 1930 was gradually eroded, laying open the path to authoritarian rule.   The policies enacted by Vargas included the enactment of â€Å"one of the highest tariffs in the world and constructed a heavily regulated and increasingly centralized economy†.   (Rock, 16)   David Rock, in his work entitled Latin America in the 1940s, went on to outline that Brazil and nearby Argentina experienced changes in economies during the time of World War II, stating that â€Å"although they could no longer import capital goods and raw materials, the industrial producers of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and other countries managed to increase production†.   (Rock, 18)   As such, both Argentina and Brazil benefited by the demands of war.   The turn to authoritarianism between the two countries would differ, however, in the way in which military regimes lead to the transfer of power. Philippe Faucher, in his work entitled â€Å"Authoritarian Capitalism: Brazils Contemporary Economic and Political Development†, states that â€Å"when the dictatorship first came to power [in Brazil] it appeared that it would follow the same course as other military dictatorships†.   (Faucher, 11)   This was not to be the case, however.   Army strength built in Brazil for many years, both pre- and post-World War II.   But it would not be until 1964 that a military power decisively came to power in Brazil, many years after the start of rumblings in 1930.   In between, militaristic periods ensued, interspersed with periods of quasi-democratic rule. In 1964, Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, then Brazil’s Army Chief of Staff, came to power.   He skillfully dealt with challenges to his power by making many changes to the government, including removing long-serving governors and representatives and adding power to the presidency.   Although his intent was solely to limit challenges, he instead installed the groundwork for a military dictatorship.   Wikipedia states that his measures â€Å"provided the successor governments of Marshal Artur da Costa e Silva (1967–69) and General Emà ­lio Garrastazu Mà ©dici (1969–74) with a basis for authoritarian rule†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) Meanwhile, in Argentina, a coup d’etat was enacted, quite in contrast with the bloodless transitions of power in Brazil.   Authors Benjamin Most and Lynne Rienner, in their work entitled â€Å"Changing Authoritarian Rule and Public Policy in Argentina, 1930-1970†, state that the military coup of 1930 â€Å"ended middle-class rule in Argentina and reestablished the political domination of Argentinas conservative, export-oriented landed elites and their allies among the export-related industrialists.†Ã‚   (Most Rienner, 46) While Brazil bounced between authoritarian and quasi-democratic rule for more than three decades, Argentina entered a period, in 1930, of different forms of authoritarian government.   This period would last until the mid 1970s.   It is important to look at the variety of forms of authoritarianism that prevailed in Argentina during this 40 year period, as it is indicative of the basic needs and desires of the Argentinean population during that time. Most and Rienner, outlining another work of Guillermo O’Donnell, delineate that Argentina experienced periods of traditional authoritarian rule, populist authoritarian rule, non-dominant rule, and bureaucratic-authoritarian rule.   During those four periods, the dominant coalition was first export industrialists, then domestic industrialists, then non-dominant coalitions, and finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   more militaristic rule.   Interestingly, Most and Rienner, quoting O’Donnell, show the beginning of more militaristic rule in 1966, coinciding with Brazil’s own turn towards militaristic rule.   Although history shows the first strongly authoritarian rule in Brazil to have been military-affiliated, the comparison does not draw to Argentinean rule.    Instead, power couple Juan and Eva Peron, who would later be fictionalized and characterized in the stage and film productions of Evita, were the most noted rulers during authoritarian rule in Argentina.   Most and Rienner state that the populist coalition – an authoritarian government that sought to identify with the masses – was â€Å"mobilized and dominated† by Juan Peron.   Peron ruled until being overthrown by a militarily-influenced regime in 1955, shortly after terrible droughts affected the country and also shortly the death of his wife, Eva.   One can almost hear the strains of â€Å"Don’t Cry for Me, Argentina† when contemplating the fate of that nation after the change in regime in 1955. Instead, the period from 1955 until 1966 proved to be almost without notably occurrence, as no strong leadership emerged.   Although authoritarian rule lasted yet several decades longer, the instability begun in 1955 would begin the way out of authoritarian rule in Argentina.   Similarly, continued instability in Brazil would lead to the same, albeit later than the emergence of Argentina from authoritarian rule. Argentina vs. Brazil: How Authoritarian Governments Gave Way to Other Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Powerful to varying extents in Argentina and Brazil, the time nevertheless came for authoritarian rule to end in both countries.   Like their descent into and experience with authoritarian rule, Argentina and Brazil left behind the constraints of that form of government in varying manners and with varying levels of difficulty.   Indeed, the most marked difference in the changes in rule in Argentina and Brazil is the steps and timelines followed by each in the 1970s and 1980s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan note the following in their work entitled â€Å"Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe†: â€Å"Brazil has experienced the most difficulty in consolidating democracy†.   (Linz Stepan, 166)   Linz and Stepan go on after that telling statement to breakdown a variables in Brazil that could have lead to its difficulty in transitioning, but arrive at the conclusion that those variables – including overwhelming debt and the affect of military rule – are not so significantly different than situations faced by other transitioning governments so as to set Brazil apart.    Instead, they arrive at a separate conclusion: that â€Å"the major distinctive problem in Brazil concerns our variable of the political economy of legitimacy†.   (Linz Stepan, 166)   As alluded to in the section dealing with Brazil’s governmental type dating to the beginning of the twentieth century, the largest stumbling block was one of legitimacy.   Through regime after regime, leader after leader, Brazil continued to experience a strong enough, popularly backed official to bring an aura of legitimacy to its government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A further stumbling block to Brazil in their quest to realize a democratic rule after the end of authoritarianism was the fact that historically, Brazil â€Å"had the least structured system of political parties†, in comparison to other South American countries studied.   (Linz Stepan, 167)   This lack of structure was clearly illustrated by the continual bouncing between authoritarian and non-authoritarian rule during the period following World War II. Because a coalition of any real strength failed to materialize to decisively lead Brazil out of the dark authoritarian rule and into the light of democracy, its transition period was prolonged.   Finally, Linz and Stepan note that the constitution put into place in the late nineteenth century proved again to be inadequate in light of the caste-like society in Brazil, where the disparity between the classes was stark.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The question remains, then, as to how Brazil eventually did cast aside authoritarian rule in favor of democratization.   The answer, it seems, resides in the differentiation of liberalization and democratization.   Linz and Stepan note that â€Å"the Brazilian transition from authoritarianism began†¦[in] 1974†¦[and]was not completed until†¦1990†.   (Linz Stepan, 167-168) Sixteen years of transition is demarcated by initial efforts made in 1974 by General Ernesto Geisel, who set out to institute â€Å"controlled liberalization† in order to aid the country in moving forward alongside South American neighbors then doing the same.   Although liberalization was first introduced in the mid-1970s, democratization did not catch up for quite awhile.   In the intervening years, many changes rocked Brazil, but a sign of true democratization was to come when in 1990, President Fernando Collor de Mello was directly and popularly elected by the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movement of the people that made the direct and popular election of Mello possible in 1990 began in early 1984.   As was characteristic of the entire Brazilian transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, the period of time necessary to enact change was lengthy.   Linz and Stepan write that â€Å"from February to June 1984, Brazil experienced the most sustained and massive political movement in its history – the campaign for Directas Ja, or Direct Elections Now†.   (Linz Stepan, 168)    Although significant portions of both the political and civil realms in Brazil were in favor of a change to a system of direct elections, and although, in fact, no major group voiced opposition to direct elections, the wheels of democratization turned slowly.   The military regime then in place insisted upon exerting a final show of power, and thus the elections of 1985 – the first opportunity for a non-military government since 1964 – were still conducted by indirect vote.   More political drama ensued when the elected president died before assuming office, and his vice-president served at the displeasure of many.   Slow but not stopped, however, was the march towards full democracy, and so Mello was elected in 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Linz and Stepan also spend significant time in analyzing the regime change from authoritarian rule to democracy in Argentina.   One of the first similarities noted was that Argentina emerged from authoritarian rule, similarly to Brazil, by shedding the remains of military rule.   While Brazil’s military rule uttered its dying gasp by blocking a direct election, Argentina saw a more-bloody grasp at remaining in power.   Indeed, Linz and Stepan write that â€Å"while the overall regime lacked the coherence of ideology and organization of a totalitarian regime, many of the military’s statements about the need to exterminate their enemies had a totalitarian edge†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)    In fact, more than â€Å"three hundred times more people per capita disappeared in Argentina than in Brazil†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)   While Brazil’s military may have created stumbling blocks, its leaders were at least working towards liberalization.   In contrast, Argentina’s military rulers wanted no part in that initiative and sought to control power by eliminating the competition.   A further contrast drawn by Linz and Stepan was that â€Å"the military never created parties or held elections as in Brazil†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)   Indeed, while the rule in Brazil was farsighted and thought out an eventual change in rule, the Argentinean model of military rule sought to hold tight to power for as long as possible without regard to the benefits that may be inherent in change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Linz and Stepan outline five consequences of the fact that the military held so tightly to power, and in fact was able to stay in power for a full eighteen months after their defeat.   First, the span of eighteen months between defeat and the secession of power meant â€Å"the possibility of revolutionary policies was precluded†.   (Linz Stepan, 192)   Second, although the military in its dying gasp held on to power far longer than anticipated, it was weakened by a fear of conflict caused internally.   This fear was rightfully backed by practicality – for any hope of power to remain, any internal division would be deadly. Third, the continued show of power by the military was rebutted when the incoming regime prosecuted military officers vigorously for human rights violations.   Fourth, the violence exhibited by the military against any adversaries tarnished any future hope of partnerships with the incoming democratic government.   And finally, the prosecution of military officers almost led to an undoing of the democratic process, as uprising after uprising by other military officers drew President Raul Alfonsin’s attention away from other critical issues and forced concessions that reflected poorly on a newly-democratic government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although tenuous at the start, the turmoil experienced in both Brazil and Argentina was weathered by the democratic governments so longed for during authoritarian rule.   Authors Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman offer insight as to why democratization was such an arduous process in Argentina and Brazil, saying that â€Å"in non-crisis circumstances, incumbent authoritarian leaders tend to enjoy greater leverage†.   (Haggard Kaufman, 78)   Obviously, the leverage for the authoritarian leaders in Argentina and Brazil suffered because crises did occur, including financial downfalls that caused the economies of both countries to suffer.   But perhaps those crises were in fact beneficial, in providing the impetus necessary for regime change to occur. Argentina vs. Brazil: Today’s Political Climate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In present-day Brazil, the CIA World Factbook lists the type of government as federative republic.   In fact, the formal name for the nation is the Federative Republic of Brazil.   The current constitution was enacted in 1988 towards the end of rule by the last non-directly elected ruler.   Interestingly, in a nation that once experienced dismal election turnout rates, voting is now required between the ages of 18 and 70, with the exception of military conscripts, who do not vote. Similarly to the United States, presidential elections are held now every four years.   On the economic front, a country once plagued by enough debt to threaten a complete collapse of government is now growing at a rate of 2.2% per year.   The Factbook quotes that while domestic and international economic shocks have affected the overall economy, the fact â€Å"that Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the resiliency of the Brazilian economy.†Ã‚   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   Each president elected since 1990 has introduced initiatives to further strengthen the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand the full extent of where Brazil is politically today, one must first understand the type of government now in rule.   The basic tenet of a federative republic is that the popularly elected president is both the head of state and head of government.   The election of presidents and legislators is enabled by a multiparty system in a federative republic.   In current-day Brazil, this multiparty system is exhibited by the fact that more than one dozen political parties are currently represented in the legislature, and the president and vice-president were elected from separate political parties. Although the legislative and executive branches of the government work closely together, the judiciary is set apart.   In looking for a cause for this separation of the third wheel of government, it can be presumed that it is to ensure complete independence in the rulings handed down and that those rulings are not influenced by ruling members of the legislature or the president himself.   After so many years of military rule interspersed with weak quasi-democratic rule, it can be easily seen that the setting apart of the judiciary is a stabilizing move.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present-day government of Argentina has developed similarly to that of Brazil.   In a slight departure, the CIA World Factbook lists Argentina as simply a republic instead of a federative republic.   More practically stated, Argentina is currently a representative democracy.   Unlike Brazil, the current constitution in Argentina was the one originally enacted in 1853; it has, however, been amended numerous times.   In a very similar electoral process to Brazil, presidential and vice presidential candidates are elected to four year terms.   Also similarly to Brazil, the president is both the head of state and head of government.   A final similarity is that voting is also compulsory for anyone above the age of 18.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The roots of today’s Argentinean government can be more clearly seen in the history of Argentina than can be traced in Brazil.   One of the two largest political parties in power today is the Radical Civic Union, which formerly ruled in Argentina from 1916-1930.   The efforts of this party and the popular support among the masses have sustained its power throughout more than a century from its founding in 1890 and its cause of supporting and enhancing the well-being of the middle class remains relevant in the current political climate.    The other of the two largest political parties also has a clear historical tie.   Called the Partido Justicialista, or Judicialist Party, the platform arose from the efforts of overthrown Juan Peron and his efforts â€Å"to expand the role of labor in the political process† during the 1940s.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Once a country divided by vast differences in social classes, the two largest political parties now place utmost emphasis on the middle and working classes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brazil and Argentina both enjoy a bicameral legislature composed very similar to that of the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States of America.   In Brazil, the legislature is called the Congresso Nacional, or National Congress.   The two houses of legislature within are called the Senado Federal or Federal Senate, and the Camara dos Deputados or Chamber of Deputies.   The members of the Senate serve eight year terms, with one-third elected during the first four year election and two-thirds elected during the second four year election.   Three Senators are selected from each Federal district, totaling 81 altogether. The Chamber of Deputies are elected to four year terms and represent their Federal district proportionate to population, totaling 513 altogether.   The vast number of political parties represented in the Brazilian government is a sure sign of the people that they want to ensure representation for all – representation that was missing during period of authoritarian rule in Brazil’s history. The Argentinean legislative branch is set up and named in the same way as Brazil, with slight variances occurring in the number of representatives and length of terms..   The Senate of Argentina boasts 72 representatives elected to six-year terms, with one-third up for election every other year.   The Chamber of Deputies in Argentina counts 257 representatives who are elected to four year terms, with half up for election every other year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The judiciary, as mentioned prior, is set apart in terms of rule from the other two bodies of government in Brazil.   It is not quite so separate in Argentina.   In both countries, members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president for life and confirmed by the legislature.   In Brazil, however, life ends at 70; at that age, judges are mandatorily retired.   On key difference in the appointment of judges between Brazil and Argentina is that judges in Argentina can be deposed by the legislature; this is not the case in Brazil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lasting legacy in Argentina is the current role of the military in overall society.   Having experienced gross tyranny under military rule for so many years and with bloodshed that affected such a wide population, there is understandable fear of an overly powerful military.   Therefore, the military is â€Å"firmly under civilian control†.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Once a force that completely disregarded human rights and sought only to maintain the largest extent of power possible, the Argentinean military is now a greatly downsized force with only volunteer soldiers.   Conscription in the Argentinean military was abolished in 2001, further giving control to the civilian sector. The history of Brazil speaks more kindly to the rule of military forces, and as such, the influence of the military on the present-day democracy of Brazil is different from that experienced in Argentina.   Conscription in the Brazilian military is still compulsory; males between the ages of 21 and 45 must serve a term of between nine and twelve months, but can volunteer for this service as young as 17.   Women are also allowed and encouraged to serve in the armed forces of Brazil. At any given time, 33 million men and 38 million women are deemed fit for military service; only a small percentage of that actually serve at any given time.   This figure is roughly five times the number of men and women in Argentina considered fit for service.   Brazil also outspends Argentina in the upkeep of military forces by a ratio of two to one.   This may change in the future, however, as the continually stabilizing economy of Argentina launched what is called â€Å"plan 2000† in 2005 to make its forces more prepared for any needs the country requires.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By all appearances, the governments of Argentina and Brazil have successfully transitioned out of authoritarian rule and into democratic bodies.   This transition, as illustrated by the many examples of this paper, has not come easily or quickly.   Both nations experienced much strife in the twentieth century, which has carried on some levels into the twenty-first century.   In the end, however, the power of the people prevailed in both countries, and democracy changed from a fleeting form of government experienced only sporadically in the past to a strong form of rule which has a secure future. The future of both Argentina and Brazil is not pre-determined, however, any more than the various forms of rule in the past was pre-determined.   Instead, continued struggles will ensue as the democracies in place grow and age and are tested by circumstances yet unforeseen.   In Brazil, the democracy is still only just over twenty years old, and only a few years older in Argentina. By comparison, when the democracy of the United States of America was just over thirty years old, a war was being fought with the former mother-land in the War of 1812; when the democracy of the United States of America was just under 100 years old, a civil war was fought that proved to be the toughest challenge to the future of democracy ever though possible.   And yet the United States of American has prevailed with a democracy considered the strongest in the world. As the democracies of Brazil and Argentina age to thirty, forty, fifty and a hundred years old, challenges will arise to test legitimacy and strength of power.   However, Brazil and Argentina took a far different path to democracy than did the United States of America.   Because of the trials and turmoil already experienced through authoritarian rule, it is likely that the governments of Argentina and Brazil will be well-prepared to take on the challenges of the future. It is in looking forward that it becomes necessary to define one further term: that of foresight.   Foresight can be defined as using the lessons of the past with the realities of the present to plan for the future.   Both Brazil and Argentina are steeped in rich lessons of past forms of governmental rule; by remembering those histories and tempering them with current circumstances, the nations will be well-equipped to face the future.   Those futures will likely continue on different paths, however, based again on lessons and examples of the past.   Most importantly, the future of democracy, similarly to the current practice of democracy in Brazil and Argentina, will continue to differ because of each country’s former experience with authoritarian rule. References Argentina. (2007) CIA World Factbook   Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html. Bruneau, T.C., Faucher, P. (Eds.). (1981). Authoritarian Capitalism: Brazil’s Contemporary Economic and Political Development. Boulder: Westview Press. Brazil. (2007). CIA World Factbook.   Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html. Democratization. (2007).Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Democratization. Haggard, S. Kaufman, R. (1999). The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions.   In â€Å"Transitions to Democracy†, ed. Lisa Anderson.   New York: Columbia University Press. History of Brazil, 1889-1930.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1889-1930). History of Brazil, 1930-1945.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1830-1945). History of Brazil, 1945-1964.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1945-1964). Liberalization. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalization. Linz, J.J. Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of Democrative Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe.   Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://www.webster.com/dictionary/. Most, B. A. (1991). Changing Authoritarian Rule and Public Policy in Argentina, 1930-1970. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. O’Donnell, G. Schmitter, P.C. (1986). Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies.   Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Politics of Argentina. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ Argentina. Politics of Brazil. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil. Rock, D. (Ed.). (1975). Argentina in the 20th Century. London: Gerald Duckworth Co. Ltd. Rock, D. (Ed.). (1994) Latin America in the 1940s: War and Postwar Transitions.  Berkeley: University of California Press.

Huck Finn - Life On The River Essay -- essays research papers

The difference between life on the river and life in the towns along the river is an important theme in the novel ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain. Twain uses language to draw the contrast effectively as well as through the atmosphere that has been created, the diction, the punctuation and the figures of speech employed. The two paragraphs, which most effectively display this contrast, refer to the peaceful life on the river and the vile nature of the streets and lanes of a town. In the fist paragraph Huck describes in mostly monosyllabic and colloquial expressions how pleasant life on the river is. At the beginning of the passage Huck uses the image of swimming peacefully to describe how the time passes, ‘you might say they swum by, they slid along so quite smooth and lovely. The alliteration of swum, slid and smooth helps to formulate a mental semblance of the swift and steady motion of the river and like the rivers flowing the words also seem to easily flow. This image is appropriate as it directly relates to the motion of the river on which they are travelling. ‘Here is the way we put in the time.’ Presents Huck’s idyllic life on the river is as routine. The words ‘then’ and ‘next’ are repeated several times in the first half of the passage, their function and effect is ensure that the passage flows, much like the river, in a slow and constant sequential manner. A sense of relaxed movement is conveyed and emphasised by diction and alliteration throu...

“Geese from Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” by Z.Z. Packer Essay

â€Å"Travel is a Fool’s Paradise† – Ralph Waldo Emerson Traveling is a rite of passage for some younger people. Many consider these times rewarding to the psyche of a young adult, as experiences in other lands broaden their senses. College students embark on sabbaticals to spend time in the real world. Others temporarily replant themselves, to experience other places, cultures, and languages, and in doing so to find out more about themselves. And there are that select few who use relocation as a form of escape from their tumultuous lives, because as they say, â€Å"the grass is always greener†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some never return home. Whatever your reason for these journeys, it should be understood that going outside one’s comfort zone can test your mettle, and good judgement and wit are crucial in surviving in a foreign land, where language, culture, and even racism are an issue. A few wrong steps and you may find yourself a few shingles short of a roof over your head. It is that last category of drifters who define â€Å"Geese,† where Dina and four other ex-patriots find themselves sharing a one room flat in Japan. These misfortunate individuals are escaping from themselves, and through misplaced pride, ill preparation, and execution find themselves on the brink of self-annihilation, finally regressing into their own futileness. The story begins with Dina, a girl from a hardscrabble section of Baltimore with â€Å"boarded-up row houses the city had promised to renovate,† (210) relating to her reasons for moving to Japan. Aside from high yield economic opportunities that don’t exist in her neighborhood, she pines for a â€Å"loveliness† that Japan will offer through its ceremonious bowing, sashimi delicacies, calligraphy, and architecture. (211) Really what she is seeking is a respite from her former environment, where the creed is â€Å"Never advertise your poverty. Dress immaculately. Always smell good, not just clean.† (224) Once in Japan Dina soon finds herself in a community of people, also fleeing from their own pasts. Petra, a once aspiring model who had a career-changing accident, has exhausted her â€Å"once sizable bank account† for reconstructive surgery and is now broke, and it becomes apparent that she is escaping a place that once knew her as beautiful, a land of runways and pan-seared foie gras. (215, 219) In tow with petra is Zoltan, her hot-headed boyfriend who â€Å"had given up bodybuilding once he  stepped off the plane at Narita,† a statement that if probed procures tears from Petra. (218) Later, we see the arrival of Sayeed, another squatter who has defied his family’s honor and has been exiled from morocco, only to fail at opening a business in Japan. After his assault on Dina, his allusions of conspiracy and subsequent violent behavior suggest he is also escaping a world that is aware of his imbalance. Finally there’s Ari, whose back-story is not revealed, though he forms a glue that keeps the community together, which may be his crux, as this reflex hints he had presided over a different family. As these folks settle in and eventually succumb to their fate, one has to wonder, why stay in this same state? Why cling to this unfamiliar atmosphere and not redeem yourself? This inquiry is explored as an expression of pride when Ari is asked why he let them stay at the apartment in the first place. â€Å"Ari held out his hand and said, ‘See this? Five fingers. One hand’† (218). And after a roommate has had enough, Ari retorts, â€Å"Can’t take? You must!† (222) Petra’s insistence that she †could not go back to Moldova† reflects that she literally doesn’t want to show her face again to her contemporaries until her talked-about trans-pacific voyage to save face is fully realized. â€Å"I go to America next. Say, ‘Fix my face. Fix face for actual.’ And they will fix.† (215-216) Her partner Zoltan is also dealing with his own physical hang-ups. His body, once looking as if â€Å"constructed of hundreds of bags of hard-packed sugar,† is now eviscerated due to a diet of â€Å"crackers and ramen.† (217-218) But he proudly parades around pictures of his former glory in an attempt to distract himself from his deportation and sudden halt of his career. Dina feels that returning to Baltimore at this point would be considered a failure, as she told Miss Gloria and others of her â€Å"hopes of making a pile of money, socking it away, then living somewhere cheap and tropical for a year.† (210) Coming home empty-handed and not having learned anything in Japan would label her as a dreamer, and the boarded-up row houses would look the same, against her wishes. And later, when she finds some solace in memories of Baltimore, and even homesickness, the feelings are quickly â€Å"swept away like little wrappers,† (224) and she goes on to endure her current situation. It is the blind tenacity of these five characters, along with their near-sightedness and lack of planning, which  unsurprisingly leads them to hit rock bottom, especially in the case of Dina. All the characters seemed to have ignored the fact that Japan is hard place for a foreigner to succeed in. In addition to the obvious language barriers, there is also a current state of â€Å"Economic downturn,† where â€Å"people want to hire Japanese† as an â€Å"obligation,† which leaves Dina and her cohorts with only marginal or seasonal opportunities, or a â€Å"gaijin dumping ground.† (212) There is also an undercurrent of sexism and racism affecting all of these gaijin. When a Japanese boy encounters the quintet in the park, he wants to ask, â€Å"Do you have tails? Do you come out at night and suck blood?† (228) And being in a land where the Japanese women themselves experience sexism, Dina finds herself harassed by businessmen and propositioned by a visa interviewer. (214) But they will persevere, although rather ineptly, and without foresight. Dina, after losing her job, sells the return part of her round-trip ticket, and actually takes a vacation. She eats â€Å"an outrageously expensive bento lunch,† visits a part of Tokyo that sells â€Å"electronics she couldn’t afford,† then observes â€Å"skinny prostitutes† as they â€Å"dart into doorways without signs.† (213) And now she is broke with an expired visa. Petra, who was regrettably unaware that there were no opportunities available for a person with such an â€Å"affliction,† (216) is now adamant in not finding a job, and her main contribution to the household is incessant weeping. Her other half is now content in â€Å"maundering about with the look of a beast in his lair,† and also resists seeking employment. (217) This couple wants to simply disappear into Japan. Sayeed has no backup plan and blames his financiers back home as well as Dina. Finally Ari, the meek breadwinner of the group, has lost his job near the end of the story and has failed to save any money. It is around this point that begins a period of petty theft, public humiliation, and near starvation. Dina’s â€Å"nebulous fluffy things that had started in her chest† (211) have tragically led her to dart into her own doorway of prostitution. Dina then sees a formation of geese, which reminds her of the  promise-keeping kamikaze, whose planes were â€Å"allotted just enough fuel for it’s one-way trip.† (233) This arrogance of youth is demonstrated in the group’s destination of self-destruction, with escape, pride, and obliviousness at the wheel. We learn how their bitterness is a continuation of what existed back home. While â€Å"Geese† is certainly a page-turner, in the end it leaves one wondering what’s at stake for the clan. Will they roam further? In my earlier travels, I too have pondered my fate while watching a flock of birds fly by, and have been left to walk for four hours to my friend’s farm in the middle of the night, while wondering what I was fleeing from. But I luckily knew when to get off the road and return to normalcy. When in dire straits in a â€Å"foreign† place, a trip to the local embassy is your best bet. I should hope that this flock of migrants h as the wherewithal to do the same. Safe travels.